Objective To investigate expression of elastin,lysyl oxidase (LOX)and elafin in cardinal ligament of women with pelvic organ prolapse(POP) so as to determine their contributions to POP.Methods The cardinal ligament samples were obtained from 60 POP subjects and 60 non-POP control women undergoing hysterectomy.RT-PCR was used to verify the mRNA level of elastin,LOX and elafin.The protein concentration of the three genes was determined by western blotting technique,electrophoretic separation and quantification.Results The premenopansal and postmenopausal POP groups demonstrated significantly decreased expressions of elastin in cardinal ligament both in mRNA and protein levels than control group (mRNA 0.42±0.22,0.26±0.20 versus 0.79±0.30,0.63±0.23 ; protein 0.44±0.32,0.20±0.19 versus 0.89±0.27,0.78±0.25; P＜0.05).There was an identical tendency in the expression of LOX (mRNA 0.37±0.18,0.20±0.14 versus 0.65±0.22,0.53±0.20; protein 0.45±0.27,0.26±0.21 versus 0.85±0.39,0.69±0.31 ; P＜0.05).In POP group,the mRNA and protein levels of elastin and LOX in postmenopansal patients were significantly lower than premenopansal patients (P＜0.05).Inversely,POP group demonstrated an increased expression of elafin in cardinal ligament both in mRNA and protein levels than corresponding control group (mRNA 1.33±0.35,1.47±0.37 versus 0.62±0.25,0.55±0.24; protein 0.85±0.30,0.76±0.35 versus 0.21±0.15,0.29±0.22; P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the expression of elafin between premenopansal and postmenopausal POP groups either in mRNA or protein levels(P＞0.05).There was a positive correlation between elastin and LOX both in mRNA and protein levels in POP group(r=0.9959,0.9708; P＜0.05),but there was no correlation between elastin and elafin(r=-0.0402,-0.0365;P＞0.05).Conclusions The results suggest that the decreased expression of elastin and LOX and the increased expression of elafin in the cardinal ligaments may contribute to POP.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the management outcomes of open pelvic fractures asso-ciated with extensive perineal injuries.Methods We retrospectively studied 15 cases with open pelvic fractures associated with extensive perineal injuries (urethral and anal canal laceration) admitted between August 2009 and September 2013. Mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, associated injuries, hemodynamic status on arrival, resuscitation and transfusion requirements, operative techniques, intra-and postoperative complications, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and mortality were recorded in a computerised database for further evaluation and analysis.Results Two patients (13.3%) died; the first with a type Ⅲ anteroposterior compression (APC) pelvis fracture was due to uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock, while the latter was due to septicaemia.We had one case with acute renal failure which improved with medical treatment.One patient (6.6%) had sciatic nerve palsy associated with type Ⅱ lateral compression (LC) pelvis fracture.Five hemodynami-cally unstable patients (33%) underwent explorative laparotomy for suspected intra-abdominal injuries.All of these patients had intra -abdominal fluid based on FAST examination.Three of them had large expanding pelvic hematoma and two had spleen injury.Conclusion Open pelvic fractures with extensive perineal injuries of mortality rates are high.Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including reanimation, colostomy, cystostomy, vigorous and repeated irrigation and debridement, and fixation by an external fixator can improve the outcomes and reduce the mortality rate .

Method We used biomechanical methods in controlling strain of anterior tibial muscles of rabbits .Objective To observe the histological and enzymohistochemical change after sprain.Result Experimental model of muscle sprain could be made with yield load which was about 128% of the body weight extracting anterior tibial muscle of the rabbits.Some of the muscle fibers broke near the junction between muscle and the tendon. Conclusion Fibrosis of endomysium and scar formation at the injury might be an important cause of frequent recurrence of muscle sprain.

Bcl-2 gene is the human homologous gene of anti-apoptotic gene Ced-9 in c-elegans, which can participate in regulations of cells apoptosis including suppression of neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemic penumbra.This review is about Bcl-2 anti-ischemic neuron injury, its possible mechanisms and the effects of anti-ischemic drugs on Bcl-2.

Growth hormone (GHRH) and pitutary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) are the members of the PACAP/Glucagon superfamily,who are related in both sequence and function.Their stimulation of GH secretion and animal growth is concerned.A series of expression plasmid,pIRES1-GHRH-PACAP (P-G-P),plRESI-GHRH (P-G) and plRESI-PACAP(P-P),were constructed,extracted and purified,then transfected into CHO cell line with Lipofectamine.The expression was examined by RT-PCR,dot-ELISA and Western blotting.The biological activity of expression products was detected in rats.At 8 h after injection of transfection supematant,serum IGF-I concentrations in P-G-P group were significantly higher than that in other groups(P ＜ 0.05).PLGA encapsulating plasmid microspheres were prepared and injected intramuscularly into rabbit legs.Growth behavior and IGF-1 level were measured at day 0,15,30 and 45 after injection.Greater body weights gain and higher serum 1GF- [ levels were observed in three plasmid microsphere injection groups,compared with control group.At day 30,the body weight gain in P-G-P group was greater than saline group (81%,P＜ 0.01),P-G mierosphere group (15%,P＜ 0.05) and P-P microsphere group (7%,P＞ 0.05),serum IGF-I concentration in P-G-P microsphere group showed a 16.68% increase to P-G microsphere (P ＞ 0.05),a 17.14% increase to P-P microsphere(P ＞ 0.05) and a 50.46% increase to control (P ＜ 0.05).These results suggest that co-expression of GHRH and PACAP in one expression plasmid might exert an additive stimulation of GH secretion and growth when delivered into rabbit skeletal muscle with PLGA mierosphere.The results may provide a new approach to regulate animal growth.

Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system ( CNS) characterized by demyelination and inflammation lesions.MS predominantly affects young adults with a high incidence of disability. However, the exact pathogenesis of MS is still not clear.Studies found that microglia polarization tending to pro-inflammatory M1-like state during the onset of MS, causing the M1/M2 ratio imbalance, forming pro-inflammatory microenvironment state, and which further leading to nervous tissue damage ultimately.Microglia polarization may be considered as the initiator of pathologic alterations by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and secondarily trigger the initial microglia response.Given the pivotal role of imbalanced microglia polarization in MS initiation, a critical review of microglia polarization is presented here, in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of MS and highlight the noteworthy candidate therapeutic targets for clinic treatment.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor that occurs in the bile duct epithelium,it is the second most common malignant tumor of the liver and bile duct after hepatocellular carcinoma.Imaging examination is an important method to detect bile duct cancer;the purpose of imaging is to determine the location of the tumor,and the extent of invasion and distant metastasis.Different imaging methods have their advantages and disadvantages,so they should be chosen based on the condition of patients,or be optimized as the combined detection.

Objective:The benefits of postoperative adjuvant therapy method for low-risk early-stage cervical squamous cell carcinoma were investigated. Methods:A total of 133 patients with low-risk early-stage cervical squamous cell carcinoma were treated at Shandong Cancer Hospital&Institute from February 2008 to March 2012. All patients received adjuvant therapy:42 were treated with pelvic ra-diotherapy (RT), 47 were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (CT)+intracavitary radiotherapy (ICRT), and 44 were treated with concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT). Disease-free survival (DFS) and complications of the therapy were evaluated. Results:No significant differences in DFS were observed in the patients treated with RT, CT+ICRT, and CCRT (P>0.05), and the three-year DFS rates were 94.0%, 93.4%, and 97.6%, respectively. The frequencies of grade III to IV acute toxicities were significantly higher in patients treated with CCRT (34.1%) than in those treated with RT (9.5%) or CT+ICRT (16.7%) (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between the RT group and the CT+ICRT group (P>0.05). Grade I to II late toxicity was significantly more frequent in the CCRT (25%) and RT (19.0%) groups compared with the CT+ICRT group (4.3%) (P>0.05), but no statistically significant differences were observed between the CCRT and the RT groups (P>0.05). Conclusion:CT+ICRT or RT has a three-year DFS rate equivalent to CCRT but with fewer therapy com-plications for low-risk early-stage cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective To achieve primary intervention from early on the analysis concerning correlations between BI-RADS classification and the factors that might influence it was conducted. Methods In this paper, the women involved in the 7204 cases of physical examinations in our hospital(over the past 5 years)were chosen as the subjects investigated. The correlations between their breast ultrasounography results and the factors such as age,BMI,triglycerides,total cholesterol,glucose,and uterine status were analyzed. The breast report used the Breast imaging reporting and data system(also known as BI-RADS)of the American Society of Radiology to inter-pret the results. Chi-square test and logistic multivariate analysis of data were analyzed by SPSS 13 statistical soft-ware. Results The age,triglyceride,total cholesterol,HDL and glucose were not the factors influencing BI-RADS classification(P>0.05);BMI(P=0.004)and uterine status(P=0.000)turned out to be the independent factors. Low body weight[odds ratio(OR)= 0.696,95%Confidence interval(CI)= 0.502 ~ 0.966],overweight (OR=0.217,95%CI=0.142~0.333),and obese(OR=0.123,95%CI=0.066~0.231)were negatively correlat-ed with it. Hysterectomy(OR = 19.189,95%CI = 14.055 ~ 26.198),(OR = 4.384,95%CI = 3.499 ~ 5.492), uterine fibroids ,menopausal uterus were found to be the risk factors(OR = 3.283 ,95%CI = 2.374 ~ 4.541). Conclusion For the premenopausal women,being overweight or underweight can help reduce the risk of getting breast diseases. However,those suffering absence of uterus,or uterine fibroids,or in their menopausal period,are supposed to be among the high-risk group of breast cancer for regular screening.

BACKGROUND: Whether one-stage bone healing with red bone marrow or mesenchymal stem cell transplantation is needed? Whether closed reduction with intramedullary interlocking nailing combined with autologous red bone marrow transplantation can promote osteogenesis in the one-stage treatment of femoral comminuted fracture still remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of closed reduction with intramedullary interlocking nailing and one-stage treatment with autologous red bone marrow transplantation on fracture healing. METHODS: Twenty healthy New Zealand rabbits were selected and anesthetized, and then the models of femoral comminuted fracture were established at the hinder limbs after throwing a 5 kg of hammer from 30 cm height. All rabbits underwent intramedullary fixation using Kirschner wire (diameter: 2 mm); the right limbs served as control groups, and the left limbs as transplantation group, subjected to the injection of autologous red bone marrow (1 mL) into the fracture region. Then the rabbits were respectively killed at 14, and 28 days after modeling, the thickness of thickest callus was measured on X-ray films, and the number of chondrocytes and relative area of bone trabecula in the fracture region were observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining under light microscope.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The thickness of callus formation in the control group was significantly less than that in the transplantation group at 14 days after modeling (P < 0.01). (2) The number of chondrocytes in the transplantation group was significantly more than that in the control group at 14 days after modeling (P < 0.01),and the fracture healing in the transplantation group was faster that in the control group. (3) Compared with the transplantation group, the relative area bone trabecula in the fracture region in the control group was significantly reduced at 28 days after modeling (P < 0.01). (4) These finding indicate that red bone marrow transplantation promotes fracture healing in the intramedullary fixation for femoral comminuted fracture in rabbits.