Graduates are generally weak in oral English. Some measures have been taken in graduate oral English course since 2005 in SMMU and proved effective by the questionnaire completed later.

Objective By reviewing the relevant literature, we explored the current status and problems of the evaluation of the training effectiveness, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the effect evaluation of nurse training in China. Methods By searching Citation online search and integration system (CITE), the Chinese biomedical literature service system (CBM), we included the literatures on the effect evaluation of the nurses training in the core journals from January 2006 to November 2015. Retrieval literatures were imported the bibliographic management software Note express by database. The corresponding field were analyzed in the literature′s age distribution, evaluation object, evaluation model, evaluation method, evaluation index and evaluation tool, et al. Results There were 343 literatures had retrieved, the total number of literatures presented a increasing tendency. The evaluation methods, evaluation tools and evaluation indicators presented a tendency of diversity, and the evaluation model was relatively single. Only 16 (4.7%) literatures tried to construct the training effect evaluation system of nurses, which was not based on some theory or hypothesis, which had not been effectively put into practice. Conclusion The effect evaluation system of nurse training needed to be done in depth, such as reconstruction of the new training evaluation model, the establishment of training evaluation system of different professional, different levels, different positions, to research evaluation methods, evaluation criteria and clinical practice testing, to design, training evaluation management software etc.

The first genetic linkage map of Salvia miltiorrhiza was constructed in 94 F1 individuals from an intraspecific cross by using simple sequence repeat (SSR), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 93 marker loci in the linkage map, consisting of 53 SSR, 38 SRAP and 2 ISSR locus were made up of eight linkage groups, covered a total length of 400.1 cm with an average distance of 4.3 cm per marker. The length of linkage groups varied from 3.3 -132 cm and each of them included 2-23 markers, separately. The result will provide important basis for QTL mapping, map-based cloning and association studies for commercially important traits in S. miltiorrhiza.

Objective To evaluate the effect of acupressure on chemotherapy-induced digestive tract reaction of malignant tumor patients.Methods We searched Pubmed,Medline,Embase,AMED,Cochrane Library,Cancerlit and Cinabl,China Biology Medicine disc (CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),VIP database (VIP)and Wanfang database,the databases were searched from the establishment of the database to March 2014.We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and of acupressure on chemotherapy-induced digestive tract reaction for malignant tumor patients.Results In total,8 RCT,959 patients were included.Meta-analysis showed that compared with the no implementation of acupressure,acupressure could effectively reduce the frequency,duration and severity of chemotherapy-induced nausea,vomiting and retching.Meanwhile,acupressure could decrease anti-emetic medication dosage,but could not increase quality of life.Conclusions Acupressure can improve the digestive tract reaction of malignant tumor patients,alleviate the suffering of patients.Meanwhile acupressure couldn't increase the medical burden and mental burden of patients.More attention should be paid to the effect of acupressure on baseline level of state anxiety,functional state and more items.

Objective To evaluate the antitumor effects of interferon (IFN)γ-endostatin based gene radiotherapy in a metastatic breast tumor model of mice, and to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved. Methods Murine mammary adenocarcinoma 4T1 cells transfected with pEgr-IFN-γ and pEgrendostatin plasmids were irradiated with 2-20 Gy of X-rays. IFN-γ and endostatin levels in the culture supernatants were measured. Female BALB/c mice were inoculated with 1 × 105 of 4T1 cells by mammary fat pad injection, and divided randomly into control, empty vector, gene therapy (pEgr-IFN-γ and pEgrendostatin), radiotherapy, and combined gene-radiotherapy groups. Tumor/body weight ratio, lung metastases, and survival of the tumor-bearing mice were observed. Splenic cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)and natural killer (NK) cell activity and intratumor microvessel density were also assessed. Results Irradiation significantly enhanced the section of IFN-γ and endostatin from the transfected 4T1 cells.Compared with gene therapy or radiotherapy alone, combined gene-radiotherapy resulted in the maximal attenuation in tumor growth rate, lung metastases and increased survival. The activities of CTL and NK cells were significantly enhanced and intratumor microvessel density reduced ( t = 2. 120-22.140, P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions IFN-γ-endostatin-based gene-radiotherapy could provide a potential antitumor effect in a murine metastatic breast tumor model, which may be related to IFN-γ-stimulated CTL and NK cell activation, and endostatin-induced antiangiogenic activity. Gene-radiotherapy could serve as a neoadjuvant therapy for the locally advanced breast cancer.

Owing to its insidious onset, the diagnosis of ovarian cancer is usually delayed and followed with ascites, which results in a poor prognosis compared to other gynecological malignant tumors. Ascites, a pathological accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, contains a variety of cellular and non-cellular components, which promotes tumor metastasis, leads to chemotherapy resistance, and seriously affects the quality of life and prognosis of patients. In this article, the basic characteristics and the recent progress of ascites in ovarian cancer are reviewed, so as to provide references for further research.

Objective To compare and analyze the epidemiological features of adult patients with distal femoral fracture between the east and west areas in China from 2010 to 2011.Methods The data of adult patients with distal femoral fracture treated from January 2010 through December 2011 in 63 hospitals were collected through the PACS system and case reports checking system.The data from 35 hospitals in the east area were classified as group A and those from 28 hospitals in the west area as group B.The analytic items included gender,age and AO classification.Results A total of 2,523 adult distal femoral fractures were collected,involving i,544 males and 979 females,with a male to female ratio of 1.58:1.The adult femoral fractures predominated in an age range from 41 to 50 years (18.94％) and their high-risk type was 33-A (50.18％).In group A of 1,650 cases,there were 1,027 males and 623 females,with a male to female ratio of 1.65:1 and a median age of 48 years;in group B of 873 cases,there were 517 males and 356 females,with a male to female ratio of 1.45:1 and a median age of 45 years.There were no significant differences in the age distribution and gender proportion between groups A and B (P ＞ 0.05).The age distribution showed that the peak ranges were from 31 to 60 years in both groups.The proportion of type 33-A was the most and that of type 33-B the least in both groups.The proportion of type 33-A in group B (53.49％) was significantly higher than in group A (48.42％) while that of type 33-B in group B (16.84％) was significantly lower than in group A (21.39％) (P ＜ O.05).Conclusions Adult distal femoral fractures were common in middle-aged males and their high-risk type was 33-A.Their peak age was from 31 to 60 years in both east and west areas in China.They were more common in men.The predominant fracture type was 33-A in both areas.The east area witnessed a significant higher proportion of type 33-B and a significant lower proportion of type 33-A than the west area.

Objective:To investigate the effects of intravascular hypothermia combined with early post-pyloric feeding on the neurological function and prognosis in patients with severe ischemic stroke, and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical decision-making on the optimal nutritional support strategy for patients with severe ischemic stroke during intravascular hypothermia treatment.Methods:This was a retrospective, non-randomized, controlled study. A total of 78 patients with first severe ischemic stroke who were admitted to the ICU of Neurology Department, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2018 to December 2021 were selected. General information and clinical data of the patients were collected and grouped according to intrvascular hypothermia combined with nutritional support. Patients were divided into early post-pyloric feeding group of 52 cases and early parenteral nutrition group of 26 cases. The neurological prognosis, disease prognosis, nutritional status and complications related to nutritional support of the two groups were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The Glasgow score at 30th day after intravascular hypothermia in the early postpyloric feeding group was (11.25 ± 4.92) points, which was higher than that in the early parenteral nutrition group (8.40 ± 5.53), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.45, P<0.05). After treatment, the serum total protein and hemoglobin of early postpyloric feeding group were (59.56 ± 5.09) g/L and (131.06 ± 19.58) g/L, respectively, which were higher than those of early parenteral nutrition group (56.52 ± 7.94) g/L and (122.07 ± 17.72) g/L. The difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.03, -1.91, P<0.05). The clinical pulmonary infection score of the early postpyloric feeding group was (7.33 ± 0.96) points, which was lower than that of the early parenteral nutrition group (9.42 ± 2.11). The mechanical ventilation time and ICU stay time were (17.46 ± 10.47) days and (28.89 ± 12.59) days, respectively. Compared with the early parenteral nutrition group (25.77 ± 15.20) days and (37.07 ± 17.15) days, the differences were statistically significant ( t=3.28, 2.83, 2.52, all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in catheter-associated bloodstream infection and ICU hospitalization mortality between the two groups (both P>0.05). Conclusions:Intravascular hypothermia combined with early post-pyloric feeding can improve the nutritional status of patients with severe ischemic stroke, effectively control pulmonary infection, shorten mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, and promote neurological repair.

Objective To summarize the experience and strategy of surgical treatment of Kommerell diverticulum and related aortic dissection aneurysm.Methods From November 2012 to January 2018,4 patients(all males),with median age of 44 (from 40 to 49) years old,underwent surgical treatment in our institution.All the patients had fight-sided aortic arch and aberrant left subclavian artery.One patient had type A aortic dissection and other 3 had type B aortic dissection(one had chronic type B dissection).The patient with type A aortic dissection had Bentall procedure plus total arch replacement and frozen elephant trunk implantation.One patient with chronic type B aortic dissection received type 2 hybrid aortic arch repair.One patient with acute type B aortic dissection had ascending aorta and total arch replacement plus frozen elephant trunk implantation followed by TEVAR.The last patient underwent graft replacement of aorta,total arch and descending thoracic aorta.Results There was no operative mortality.The median mechanical ventilation time was 229 (from 13 to 485) hours,the median ICU stay was 12 (from 2 to 27) days.One patient died from respiratory and circulatory failure due to compression of left main bronchus on the 17th day after operation.One patient had irritating cough due to mild compression of bifucation of trachea and the symptom resolved spontaneously before discharge.One patient had critical illness polyneuropathy after operation and received mechanical ventilation therapy for 485 hours.He recovered through neurotrophic drug treatment.The median follow-up time is 15 (from 4 to 36) months.The patients with type A dissection had delayed dilation of descending thoracic aorta beyond the frozen elephant trunk and received TEVAR 6 months later.The CT scans of the other two patients during follow-up time showed good morphology and patency of graft and branches.There was no anastomotic leakage and pseudoaneurysm.Conclusion The decision making of treatment of Kommerell diverticulum and related aortic dissection should be on the basis of classification of aortic dissection.Operation combined with TEVAR is safe and effective.

Objective To investigate the effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis heparin-binding he-magglutinin (HBHA) on the polarization of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and a mu-rine macrophage cell line(Raw264.7 cells). Methods After HBHA was confirmed to be able to enter into macrophages by immunofluorescence, mouse BMDM and Raw264. 7 cells were treated with LPS (100 ng/ml)+IFN-γ (2.5 ng/ml),IL-4 (20 ng/ml),HBHA (1 μg/ml,3 μg/ml,6 μg/ml,10 μg/ml) and ESAT-6 (5 μg/ml),respectively. IL-6,IL-12 and TNF-α in the supernatants of cell culture were measured by ELISA. RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of molecular markers of macrophage polarization [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, Arg-1 and CD206] at mRNA level. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of iNOS and Arg-1 at protein level. Results Increased secretion of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α in the supernatants of cell culture and enhanced expression of iNOS and TNF-α at mRNA level were observed after treating BMDM with Mycobacterium tuberculosis HBHA. Similarly,in HBHA-trea-ted Raw264.7 cells,the secretion of IL-6 and the expression of TNF-α were also up-regulated. Mycobacteri-um tuberculosis HBHA and ESAT-6 had similar effects on murine macrophages. Neither of them could in-crease the expression of Arg-1,a molecular marker of M2 macrophages,in BMDM at protein level,but both enhanced the expression of iNOS,a molecular marker of M1 macrophages,in BMDM and Raw264.7 cells. Conclusion Mycobacterium tuberculosis HBHA can induce the polarization of murine macrophages to M1 phenotype.