Although there are plenty of principles and standards on translation of traditional Chinese medicine into English, still mistranslation can not be completely avoided. This paper analyzed the phenomenon of mistranslation from perspective of its causes, cases and suggestion in order to provide enlightenment on improving translation levels.

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of the reversal effect of acupuncture on the fall of blood pressure induced by angiotensin-(1-7)[Ang-(1-7)] in the caudal ventrolateral medulla(CVLM) of rats. Methods: Ang-(1-7) and its selective receptor antagonist (D-Ala7), Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(779) were microinjected into the CVLM respectively to induce the change of blood pressure, during which, the concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters were detected by means of microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)combined with fluorescent detector, on the other hand, the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on the level of blood pressure and the concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters were also observed. Results:Unilateral microinjection of Ang-(1-7) into the CVLM could decrease the blood pressure (BP), which was accompanied by an increase in the release of Glu and a decrease in the release of Tau in the same site; Whereas microinjection of Ang-779 into the CVLM could elevate BP, which was accompanied by a decrease in the release of Glu and an increase in the release of Tau; EA at acupoint Zusanli (ST 36) for 20 min could inhibit the fall of blood pressure induced by microinjection of Ang-(1-7) into the CVLM and the elevation of blood pressure induced by microinjection of Ang-779 into the CVLM, and in the meantime, it could inhibit the changes of the release of Glu and Tau induced by microinjection of Ang-(1-7) and Ang-779 into the CVLM. Conclusion: The reversal effect of EA on the fall or elevation of blood pressure induced by microinjection of Ang-(1-7) or Ang-779 into the CVLM might be related to the changes of Glu and Tau release.

Plastic and Aesthetic surgery is a science which creates beauty by combining know-ledge and art. Combined with the professional characteristics of plastic surgery, we reformed the cur-riculum content and teaching mode of continuous education, including a established interactive theoret-ical learning model based on Journal club, the strengthening of clinical practice integrated with multiple related disciplines, the expanding the knowledge of Sociology, Psychology and Ethics, and the construc-tion of a long-term platform of network resources. Therefore, a comprehensive and specialized continu-ous education model in the department of plastic and aesthetic surgery was ultimately formed, whose preliminary assessment was favorable, and could be helpful in the cultivation of high-quality plastic and aesthetic surgeons in the future.

AIM: To explore the effects and mechanism of interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the positive effect of isoproterenol (ISO) in the isolated rat cardiomyocytes. METHODS: Enzymatically isolated cardiomyocytes were used. Peak twitch amplitude and maximal velocity of shortening/relaxation (?dL/dt_~max ) in the isolated cardiomyocytes were recorded with a microscope coupled to a charge-coupled device camera and [Ca~2+ ]i transients were determined with a fluorometric ratio method by using Fura-2/AM as Ca~2+ indicators. RESULTS: ① ISO increased the peak twitch amplitude and ?dL/dt_~max of the isolated cardiomyocytes. Perfusion for 15 min with IL-2 at 2?103 U/L, which had no effect at all, attenuated the enhancing effect of ISO on the peak twitch amplitude and ?dL/dt_~max . ② ISO increased the [Ca~2+ ]i transients of the single ventricular myocytes in a dose dependent manner and the corresponding EC_~50 values of ISO was (0.12?0.01) ?mol/L. Perfusion for 15 min with IL-2 at 2?103 U/L, which had no effect on the ~[Ca~2+ ]i transient at all, attenuated the enhancing effect of ISO and the corresponding EC_~50 was (0.44?0.06) ?mol/L. ③ The electrically induced [Ca~2+ ]i transient was significantly increased by pretreatment with 20 mg/L cholera toxin for ~12 h. The elevation of the [Ca~2+ ]i transient induced by cholera toxin was significantly attenuated by 2?103 U/L IL-2. ④ Forskolin (1 ?mol/L), the activator of adenyl cyclase, significantly increased the electrically induced [Ca~2+ ]i transient, which was attenuated by IL-2 at 2?103 U/L. CONCLUSION: IL-2 inhibits the positive effect of isoproterenol in the isolated single ventricular myocytes, in which Gs protein and adenyl cyclase are involved. [

Objective: To establish a method for determination of methone and pulegone in Herba Schizonepetae. Methods: The contents of menthone and pulegone were determined by GC (equipped with FID) with HP-5 fused capillary column (5% phenyl methyl siloxane 30m?0.32mm?0.25?m) after the samples were extracted by the solvents. Results: The linear ranges were 0.002-5.0g/L (r=0.9999) for menthone and 0.002-5.0g/L (r=0.9996) for pulegone, the recoveries of menthone and pulygone were 96.30%-103.9% and 95.7%-102.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The method was simple and accurate, which could be applied to the determination of menthone and pulegone in Herba Schizonepetae.

The paper presented the payment system theory of the primary health care service in China,the current status of the health service system,and analyzed main challenges for the time being.Based on such studies,the authors made the following policy proposals.The first is adjustment of the fiscal payment method of the government to such institutions in line with the classification guidance principle; the second is to shift the payment method of primary public health services to the post payment of fee-for-service; the third is reform of the performance-based salary system to link payment to medical workers directly with the amount and quality of their services; the fourth is a set of result-oriented performance appraisal indicators,with rising proportion of performance pay; the fifth is to integrate the outpatient clinic fund covered by medical insurance and the primary public health service fund,into a capitation payment.

Objective To study the clinical manifestations,endoscopic features,pathological features,treatment and prognosis of patients with duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma (DNEC).Methods The clinical data of 9 patients with duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma who were admitted to our hospital from December 2006 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were 6 males and 3 females.The mean age was 61.5 years (range 48 ～75 years).The clinical manifestations were abdominal pain (n =7),jaundice (n =4),melena (n =1) and asymptomatic (n =1).The DNEC was usually solitary in the duodenum.The operations included duodenopancreatectomy (n =5),surgical resection (n =2),subtotal gastrectomy (n =1),and 1 patient was palliated by common bile duct stenting using an endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatographic (ERCP) approach.The patients were followed up for 3 ～ 40 months after operation.For the 5 patients who underwent radical excision 4 were alive.One patient died from liver metastasis.For the 4 patients who underwent palliative therapy,one was alive,two died and one lost to follow-up.Conclusions The clinical manifestations of duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma were non-specific.Endoscopic,pathologic and immumohisotochemical tests were important in the diagnosis.Surgical resection improved the prognosis of these patients.

AIM: To investigate the effect and possible mechanisms of interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the cell contractility in cardiomyocytes during hypoxia and reoxygenation.METHODS: Glucose-free Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution, gassed with 95% N 2 and 5% CO 2 for hypoxia, were used. The cell contractility were determined after 20 min of hypoxia and 30 min of reoxygenation by the video tracking system. The parameters of cell contractility included peak velocity of cell shortening (+d L /d t max), peak velocity of cell relengthening (-d L /d t max), contraction amplitude (dL) and end-diastolic cell length.RESULTS: It was shown that during hypoxia, the cell contraction was depressed. All the parameters were unable to return to the pre-hypoxia level during reoxygenation. Pretreatment with IL-2 at 2?10 3 U/L attenuated the inhibitory effect of hypoxia/reoxygenation on contractility in single ventricular myocytes. The effect of IL-2 was reduced in the presence of 10 -8 mol/L nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a selective ?-opioid receptor antagonist. On blockade of protein kinase C with 3?10 -6 mol/L chelerythrine, the effect of IL-2 was significantly attenuated. The effect of IL-2 was also blocked by 10 -4 mol/L 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channel blocker. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study provide evidence that pretreatment with IL-2 at 2?10 3 U/L attenuates the effect of hypoxia/reoxygenation on cell contraction in the isolated ventricular myocytes. The ?-opioid receptor mediates the effect of IL-2, in which activation of PKC and opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mito K ATP ) channel are involved.

This study was aimed to explore pharmacological effects of epimedium pubescen flavonoid (EPF) on biomechanical properties among ovariectomized rats. Sixty female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (aged 2-month-old) were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10), which were the sham control group (Group A), the model group (GroupB), the standard group (Group C), the treated 1 group (Group D), the treated 2 group (Group E), and the treated 3 group (Group F). Except the sham control group (Group A), rats in other groups had been ovariectomized. All rats were given the same feedstuff. Meanwhile, Group C was given calcium 75 mg·kg-1 combined with VitD3 21 IU·kg-1 by gastrogavage every day for 4 months; Group D was given EPF 75 mg·kg-1; Group E was given EPF 150 mg·kg-1;Group F was given EPF 300 mg·kg-1. At the end of the 4th month, all rats were sacrificed. Bones, which included tibia, femur and humerus of both sides and all lumbar vertebra bodies, had been taken out. Measurement was made on the elastic modulus, maximum loading capability, maximum stress, potential energy of deformation, and structural rigidity of biomechanical properties of the fourth lumbar vertebra body (LV4); the maximum loading capability, bone break load, potential energy of deformation, structural rigidity of the structural dynamics properties of the femur com-pact bone; the elastic modulus, maximum stress, maximum inherent strain, bone break stress, and bone break strain of the mechanical properties of a material of the femur compact bone in the experimental rats. The results showed that compared with Group B, the elastic modulus, maximum loading capability, maximum stress, potential energy of deformation, and structural rigidity of LV4; the maximum loading capability, bone break load, potential energy of de-formation, structural rigidity of the structural dynamics properties of the femur compact bone; the elastic modulus, maximum stress, maximum inherent strain, and bone break strain of the mechanical properties of a material of the fe-mur compact bone were obviously increased in Group A, D, E and F (P< 0.05). Group C had increasing tendency. There were no statistical differences among Group A, C, D, E and F. Group D, E, and F had increased with EPF dose-dependently. However, there were no statistical differences among them. There were no statistical differences on bone break strain of the mechanical properties of a material of the femur compact bone among Group A, C, D, E, and F. It showed that ovariectomization reduced the biomechanical properties of vertebra bodies, structural dynamics properties of the femur compact bone, and the mechanical properties of a material of the femur compact bone. The application of EPF can effectively prevent and treat the decreasing of biomechanical properties of ovariectomized rats, so as to keep them in a relatively higher level.

AIM: To study the effect of monocyte/macrophages treated with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides on leukemic K562 cells. METHODS: The monocytes/macrophages from peripheral blood cells were isolated and induced. The expressions of CD14 and CD16 on monocytes/macrophages were detected by means of flow cytometry. After treated with synthetic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides, and nonCpG-oligodeoxynucleotides for 24 hours respectively, the inhibiting effect of monocyte/macrophages on K562 cells were detected using MTT method. The secretions of TNF-? and IL-12 from monocytes/macrophages were determined using ELISA method. RESULTS: The monocytes/macrophages treated with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides enhanced their antitumor effect on K562 cells and increased the secretion levels of TNF-? and IL-12. Whereas, there was no significant difference between antitumor effect and cytokine secretion of the monocytes/macrophages treated with nonCpG-oligodeoxynucleotide. CONCLUSION: CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides increases the cytotoxicity of macrophages on K562 cells in vitro, as well as facilitates the IL-12 and TNF-? secretion. It provides a new approach for immunologic treatment of leukemia.