Although there are plenty of principles and standards on translation of traditional Chinese medicine into English, still mistranslation can not be completely avoided. This paper analyzed the phenomenon of mistranslation from perspective of its causes, cases and suggestion in order to provide enlightenment on improving translation levels.

AIM: To explore the effects and mechanism of interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the positive effect of isoproterenol (ISO) in the isolated rat cardiomyocytes. METHODS: Enzymatically isolated cardiomyocytes were used. Peak twitch amplitude and maximal velocity of shortening/relaxation (?dL/dt_~max ) in the isolated cardiomyocytes were recorded with a microscope coupled to a charge-coupled device camera and [Ca~2+ ]i transients were determined with a fluorometric ratio method by using Fura-2/AM as Ca~2+ indicators. RESULTS: ① ISO increased the peak twitch amplitude and ?dL/dt_~max of the isolated cardiomyocytes. Perfusion for 15 min with IL-2 at 2?103 U/L, which had no effect at all, attenuated the enhancing effect of ISO on the peak twitch amplitude and ?dL/dt_~max . ② ISO increased the [Ca~2+ ]i transients of the single ventricular myocytes in a dose dependent manner and the corresponding EC_~50 values of ISO was (0.12?0.01) ?mol/L. Perfusion for 15 min with IL-2 at 2?103 U/L, which had no effect on the ~[Ca~2+ ]i transient at all, attenuated the enhancing effect of ISO and the corresponding EC_~50 was (0.44?0.06) ?mol/L. ③ The electrically induced [Ca~2+ ]i transient was significantly increased by pretreatment with 20 mg/L cholera toxin for ~12 h. The elevation of the [Ca~2+ ]i transient induced by cholera toxin was significantly attenuated by 2?103 U/L IL-2. ④ Forskolin (1 ?mol/L), the activator of adenyl cyclase, significantly increased the electrically induced [Ca~2+ ]i transient, which was attenuated by IL-2 at 2?103 U/L. CONCLUSION: IL-2 inhibits the positive effect of isoproterenol in the isolated single ventricular myocytes, in which Gs protein and adenyl cyclase are involved. [

The paper presented the payment system theory of the primary health care service in China,the current status of the health service system,and analyzed main challenges for the time being.Based on such studies,the authors made the following policy proposals.The first is adjustment of the fiscal payment method of the government to such institutions in line with the classification guidance principle; the second is to shift the payment method of primary public health services to the post payment of fee-for-service; the third is reform of the performance-based salary system to link payment to medical workers directly with the amount and quality of their services; the fourth is a set of result-oriented performance appraisal indicators,with rising proportion of performance pay; the fifth is to integrate the outpatient clinic fund covered by medical insurance and the primary public health service fund,into a capitation payment.

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of the reversal effect of acupuncture on the fall of blood pressure induced by angiotensin-(1-7)[Ang-(1-7)] in the caudal ventrolateral medulla(CVLM) of rats. Methods: Ang-(1-7) and its selective receptor antagonist (D-Ala7), Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(779) were microinjected into the CVLM respectively to induce the change of blood pressure, during which, the concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters were detected by means of microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)combined with fluorescent detector, on the other hand, the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on the level of blood pressure and the concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters were also observed. Results:Unilateral microinjection of Ang-(1-7) into the CVLM could decrease the blood pressure (BP), which was accompanied by an increase in the release of Glu and a decrease in the release of Tau in the same site; Whereas microinjection of Ang-779 into the CVLM could elevate BP, which was accompanied by a decrease in the release of Glu and an increase in the release of Tau; EA at acupoint Zusanli (ST 36) for 20 min could inhibit the fall of blood pressure induced by microinjection of Ang-(1-7) into the CVLM and the elevation of blood pressure induced by microinjection of Ang-779 into the CVLM, and in the meantime, it could inhibit the changes of the release of Glu and Tau induced by microinjection of Ang-(1-7) and Ang-779 into the CVLM. Conclusion: The reversal effect of EA on the fall or elevation of blood pressure induced by microinjection of Ang-(1-7) or Ang-779 into the CVLM might be related to the changes of Glu and Tau release.

Plastic and Aesthetic surgery is a science which creates beauty by combining know-ledge and art. Combined with the professional characteristics of plastic surgery, we reformed the cur-riculum content and teaching mode of continuous education, including a established interactive theoret-ical learning model based on Journal club, the strengthening of clinical practice integrated with multiple related disciplines, the expanding the knowledge of Sociology, Psychology and Ethics, and the construc-tion of a long-term platform of network resources. Therefore, a comprehensive and specialized continu-ous education model in the department of plastic and aesthetic surgery was ultimately formed, whose preliminary assessment was favorable, and could be helpful in the cultivation of high-quality plastic and aesthetic surgeons in the future.

Objective: To establish a method for determination of methone and pulegone in Herba Schizonepetae. Methods: The contents of menthone and pulegone were determined by GC (equipped with FID) with HP-5 fused capillary column (5% phenyl methyl siloxane 30m?0.32mm?0.25?m) after the samples were extracted by the solvents. Results: The linear ranges were 0.002-5.0g/L (r=0.9999) for menthone and 0.002-5.0g/L (r=0.9996) for pulegone, the recoveries of menthone and pulygone were 96.30%-103.9% and 95.7%-102.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The method was simple and accurate, which could be applied to the determination of menthone and pulegone in Herba Schizonepetae.

AIM: To investigate the effect and possible mechanisms of interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the cell contractility in cardiomyocytes during hypoxia and reoxygenation.METHODS: Glucose-free Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution, gassed with 95% N 2 and 5% CO 2 for hypoxia, were used. The cell contractility were determined after 20 min of hypoxia and 30 min of reoxygenation by the video tracking system. The parameters of cell contractility included peak velocity of cell shortening (+d L /d t max), peak velocity of cell relengthening (-d L /d t max), contraction amplitude (dL) and end-diastolic cell length.RESULTS: It was shown that during hypoxia, the cell contraction was depressed. All the parameters were unable to return to the pre-hypoxia level during reoxygenation. Pretreatment with IL-2 at 2?10 3 U/L attenuated the inhibitory effect of hypoxia/reoxygenation on contractility in single ventricular myocytes. The effect of IL-2 was reduced in the presence of 10 -8 mol/L nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a selective ?-opioid receptor antagonist. On blockade of protein kinase C with 3?10 -6 mol/L chelerythrine, the effect of IL-2 was significantly attenuated. The effect of IL-2 was also blocked by 10 -4 mol/L 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channel blocker. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study provide evidence that pretreatment with IL-2 at 2?10 3 U/L attenuates the effect of hypoxia/reoxygenation on cell contraction in the isolated ventricular myocytes. The ?-opioid receptor mediates the effect of IL-2, in which activation of PKC and opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mito K ATP ) channel are involved.

AIM: To study the effect of monocyte/macrophages treated with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides on leukemic K562 cells. METHODS: The monocytes/macrophages from peripheral blood cells were isolated and induced. The expressions of CD14 and CD16 on monocytes/macrophages were detected by means of flow cytometry. After treated with synthetic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides, and nonCpG-oligodeoxynucleotides for 24 hours respectively, the inhibiting effect of monocyte/macrophages on K562 cells were detected using MTT method. The secretions of TNF-? and IL-12 from monocytes/macrophages were determined using ELISA method. RESULTS: The monocytes/macrophages treated with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides enhanced their antitumor effect on K562 cells and increased the secretion levels of TNF-? and IL-12. Whereas, there was no significant difference between antitumor effect and cytokine secretion of the monocytes/macrophages treated with nonCpG-oligodeoxynucleotide. CONCLUSION: CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides increases the cytotoxicity of macrophages on K562 cells in vitro, as well as facilitates the IL-12 and TNF-? secretion. It provides a new approach for immunologic treatment of leukemia.

Objective To summarized the projects received and funded in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) during 2010-2013,put forward the thinking and perspective of this future trend in these fields.Methods The number of the funded project and total funding in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from NSFC during 2010-2013 had been statistical analyzed,in the meantime,the overview situation of various branches in basic research and further preliminary analysis the research frontier and hot issues have been analyzed.Results ① The number of funded project were 581 in H 15 of NSFC during 2010-2013,total funding reached to 277.13 million RMB,including 117 projects in H 1511 (emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery and other science issue),96 projects in H1507 (wound healing and scar),88 projects in H1502 (multi-organ failure),71 projects in H 1505 (burn),61 projects in H 1504 (trauma) ② The top 10 working unit for project funding in the field of Emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery present as Third Military Medical University (70),Shanghai Jiao tong University (69),Second Military Medical University (40),Chinese PLA General Hospital (36),Forth Military Medical University (35),Zhejiang University (22),Sun Yat-Sen University (18),Southern Medical University (14),China Medical University (11),Capital Medical University (11) respectively,the number of funded project positive correlated with funding.③ The funded research field in H15 covered almost all important organs and system injury or repair research,our scientists reached a fairly high level in some research field,for example,sepsis,trauma,repair,et al.Sepsis was funded 112 projects in H15 for 4 years,the growth rate became rapid and stable comparing to shock,burns and cardiopulmonary resuscitation funded projects' number.emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns research fields related to heart,lung,bone/cartilage/muscle,stomach/intestinal/liver,brain/spinal cord/peripheral nerve and other tissues/organs.The number of funded projects in plastic surgery related research fields in angioma and flap related projects were down below to 3 projects,but the number of funded project in wounds,scar repair related research field were more than other fields relatively.④ In frontier and research hot issue,the funded rate represent as 23.8％,21.4％,19.0％ and 23.9％ in stem cell related research fields in 4 years respectively.The funded rate average to 20.9％ in epigenetic related research fields for four years,the funded rate achieved to break through zero in autophagy related research fields,the total rate raised to 32.6％ from 2011 to 2013.Conclusions The funded number and funding were raised rapidly in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from NSFC.The application for each proposal should be focus on concise or upgrade the scientific issues to improve the quality.The depth or systematic in content and interdisciplinary research fields (e.g.immunology) should be paid attention to.Sepsis,trauma and burns will be the main stream direction in future in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery.The fields of wound healing and scar,surface organ defects,damage,repair and regeneration,surface tissue/organ transplantation and reconstruction,craniofacial deformities and correction are important develop directions in future work.

To investigate whether changes of amino acid neurotransmitter releases in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) were related to acupuncture and to the antihypertensive effect of melatonin (Mel) microinjected into the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) of rats with stress-induced hypertension (SIH), as well as to compare and analyze the relationship between the both antihypertensive mechanisms of acupuncture and of Mel in the AHA. Methods: Animal model of SIHR was made by electric foot shocks combined with noises. Electroacupuncture (EA) was used and Zusanli acupoint of both side was selected. The technique of drug microinjection into the brain was used to observe the change of blood pressure (BP), and synchronously, brain microdialysis was performed for collecting dialysate samples, and then the concentration of amino acid neurotransmitters in the dialysate samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography combined with fluorescent detection (HPLC-FD). Results: After the animal received stress treatment, the BP elevated, synchronously, the release of glutamate (Glu) in the rVLM increased, and when EA was performed, the elevated BP of the rats with SIH decreased,simultaneously, the release of Glu in the rVLM decreased also. After Mel was microinjected of into the AHA of the SIHR, the elevated BP attenuated, meanwhile, the release of Glu decreased,and those of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and taurine (Tau) increased in the rVLM.Administration ofbicuculline, an antagonist of GABAA receptor, into the rVLM prior to microinjection of Mel into the AHA could partially block the depressor effect of Mel in the AHA. Conclusion: The decrease in the release of Glu in the rVLM contributes to the antihypertensive effect of both acupuncture and Mel in the AHA in the rats with SIH, and the increase in the release of GABA and Tau in the rVLM is also important to Mel in the AHA.