BACKGROUND:Pedicle screw fixation has been used in children with thoracic injury. Conventional method is screw implantation by hand. This method can meet the needs of surgery, but its accuracy was low, and incidence of complications was high. The application of digital image navigation aid module is possible. OBJECTIVE:To study accuracy and safety of digital image navigation aid module in thoracic pedicle screw placement. METHODS:Eight thoracic vertebral bodies were equal y and randomly assigned to the manual insertion group and the digital image navigation aid module group. Manual insertion group received manual screw insertion. In the digital image navigation aid module group, navigation aid module was made according to CT scan results combined with principle of reverse engineering and rapid prototyping. Pedicle screw was placed using the digital image navigation aid module. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Success rate of once screw set was significantly higher in the digital imaging navigation aid module group than in the manual insertion group (P<0.05). (2) Twenty-eight screws were implanted in the digital image navigation aid module group and manual insertion group separately. The excellent and good rate of screw placement was 96%in the digital image navigation aid module group and 75%in the manual insertion group (P<0.05). (3) These findings suggested that digital image navigation aid module can effectively improve the success rate of pedicle screw insertion. Moreover, this method is simple, easy to operate, and can make a personalized nail placement program for each child.

Objective To study the role of adiponectin (ADP) postconditioning on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) in rats .Methods SD rats were divided randomly into 3 groups :⑴Group Sham were processed identically except the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD) and was not ligated;⑵ Group MIRI were subjected to LAD occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min;⑶ Group ADP were subjected to ADP injection before reperfusion .The titer of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ,cardiac troponin I(cTnI) and malondialdehyde(MDA)in plasma were observed .The levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA)in myocardial tissue were observed .The results of HE staining and electrocardiograms(ECG) was ob‐served .Results Compared with Group Sham ,LDH ,cTnI and MDA in plasma in Group MIRI increased (P<0 .05);Compared with Group MIRI ,LDH ,cTnI and MDA in plasma in Group ADP declined (P<0 .05);Compared with Group Sham ,SOD decreased and MDA increased in myocardial tissue in Group MIRI (P<0 .05);Compared with Group MIRI ,SOD increased and MDA decreased in myocardial tissue in Group ADP (P<0 .05) .The myocardial injury was serious in Group MIRI while it was lightened in Group ADP .There were acute ischemia ECG change in Group MIRI while it was slight in Group ADP .Conclusion ADP postconditioning is a protective factor against MIRI in rats ,it is related to eliminating free radicals and alleviating the damage of lipid peroxidation .

Objective To study the role of adiponectin (ADP)post-conditioning in alleviating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) in 3-week old rats.Methods SD rats (3-week old) were randomly divided into 4 groups by random digits table (n =6):sham group was processed identically except that the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD) was not ligated;MIRI group was subjected to occlusion of the LAD followed by reperfusion,occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min;ADP group was subjected to injection of ADP into femoral vein before reperfusion;LY294002 group (ADP post-conditioning and LY294002) was subjected to injection of ADP and LY294002 into femoral vein before reperfusion.The titer of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),cardiac troponin I(cTnl) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in plasma were observed.The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD)and MDA in myocardial tissue were observed.Results The levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of MIRI group was (732.11 ± 111.29) IU/L,(38.05 ± 6.17) g/L and (4.49 ± 0.17) nmol/L,respectively,compared with sham group,the levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of MIRI group increased obviously(all P ＜ 0.05);the levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of ADP group were (581.72 ± 68.41) IU/L,(20.70 ± 5.43) g/L and (3.10 ± 0.20) nmol/L,respectively;compared with MIRI group,the levels of LDH,cTnⅠ and MDA in plasma of ADP group declined significantly (all P ＜0.05);the levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of LY294002 group were (701.10 ±99.59) IU/L,(33.13 ± 4.32) g/L and (4.19 ± 0.46) nmol/L,compared with ADP group,the levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of group LY294002 increased remarkably (t =2.477,1.804,2.961,all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with sham group,the SOD level decreased and the MDA level increased in myocardial tissue of MIRI group(all P ＜ 0.05);compared with MIRI group,the SOD level increased and the MDA level decreased in myocardial tissue of ADP group (all P ＜ 0.05);compared with ADP group,the SOD level decreased and the MDA level increased in myocardial tissue of LY294002 group (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions ADP postconditioning is perhaps a protective factor for alleviating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in 3-week-old rats,the protective effect is perherps related to alleviating the damage of the lipid peroxidation by signaling pathway of adiponectin/phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B.

Objective To evaluate the role of adiponectin (ADP) and adiponectin receptor-1(ADPR1) in limb ischemic precondi-tioning(LIPC) against apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI) .Methods SD rats were divided into 3 groups (n=10 ,4 rats of every group were prepared for detecting apoptosis ) .Group sham (group in sham operated) were processed identi-cally except the left coronary artery was not be ligated ;group MIRI (group in ischemia reperfusion) were subjected to occlusion of the left coronary artery anterior descending (LAD) followed by reperfusion ,occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min;group LIPC (group in limb ischemic preconditioning) were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion on the left hind limb for 5 min in turn for 3 d .LAD were performed ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min at the 4th day .The expression of the level of myocardial ADP and ADPR1 mRNA of group sham ,group MIRI and group LIPC were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) .The apoptosis index of every group were determined by mothod of terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase medi-ated nick end labeling(TUNEL)respectively .Results Compared with group sham ,the expression of ADP and ADPR1 mRNA in group MIRI lessened apparently (P<0 .05);compared with group MIRI ,the expression of ADP and ADPR1 mRNA in group LIPC increased statistically significant(P<0 .05);compared with group sham ,the apoptosis index(AI) of myocardial cells in group MIRI increased apparently(P<0 .05);compared with group MIRI ,the AI of myocardial cells in group LIPC decreased significantly (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Limb ischemic preconditioning ;decreased apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via activating ADP signaling pathways ,which played a protective role in myocardial tissue .

Objective To explore the influences of proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes on high fat diet-induced obesity and obesity prevention through exercises in rats.Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a normal diet control group (C,n=8),a normal diet with exercises group (E,n=8),a high fat diet control group (H,n=14) and a high fat diet with exercises group (HE,n=10).Group C and group H kept sedentary,while group E and group HE underwent treadmill exercises at about 75％VO2max level.After 12 weeks of intervention,the body weight,epididymal,perirenal and retroperitoneal fat mass were recorded,and the total fat mass was determinated.Stereology method was used to calculate the number and average diameter of fat cells.Western Blotting was conducted to measure the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα protein in adipose tissues.Results (1) The body weight and total fat mass of group H were significantly higher than those of group C (P＜0.01).Perirenal,retroperitoneal fat and total fat mass of group E and HE were significantly lower than those of group C and H respectively (P＜0.01).(2) The total fat cell number of group H was significantly higher than that of group C.The average diameter of fat cells in perirenal and retroperitoneal fat pads of group E were significantly lower than that of group C (P＜0.05,P＜0.01),while that of group HE in epididymal,perirenal and retroperitoneal fat pads was significantly lower than that of group H (P＜0.01).(3) Compared with group C,the expression of PPARγ protein of group E and H increased significantly in epididymal,perirenal and retroperitoneal fat pads (P＜0.01).The expression of C/EBPα protein of group H was significantly higher than that of group C in epididymal and perirenal fat pads (P＜0.01),the expression of C/EBPα protein of group E was significantly higher than that of group C in perirenal and retroperitoneal fat pads (P＜0.01),while the expression of C/EBPα protein of group HE was significantly lower than that of group H in perirenal fat pads(P＜0.01).Conclusion The proliferation and differentiation of preadipocyte was enhanced in the development of high fat diet induced obesity and exercises to prevent obesity,but its role and mechanisms were different.The high fat diet increases the number of fat cells which is a compensatory mechanism for the body to adapt to fat accumulation,while exercises might promote cell renewal and decrease the average size of fat cells which is an adaptive mechanism to improve fat storage.

AIM: To determine the distribution and frequency of functionally important allelic variants in the cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2C19, arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), and thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) genes in the Han Chinese population and compare them with those of other ethnic populations.METHODS: Genotyping was carried out in a total of 210 unrelated Han Chinese volunteers derived from He-nan area. CYP2C19 variants ( * 2 and * 3), NAT2 variants ( * 6 and * 7), and TPMT variants ( * 3A, * 3B, and * 3C) were detected using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)assays. Detection of NA T2 * 5 and TPMT * 2 were performed using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS: Allele frequencies of CYP2C19 * 2 and * 3 occurred with 34.76 % and 6.4 %, respectively.Thirty-one persons ( 14.8 % ) carried two of these CYP2C19 alleles responsible for poor metabolizing activity.The frequencies of specif ic NAT2 alleles were 59.1%, 4.1%, 26.4 %, and 9.5 % for * 4 (wild-type), * 5(341C), * 6 (590A), and * 7 (857A), respectively. Genotyping of three different single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NA T2 gene revealed that the frequency of slow acetylators was 19.5 %. TPMT * 3C had an allelic frequency of 1.2 %. TPMT* 2, TPMT * 3A, or TPMT* 3B was not detected in the analysed samples. CONCLUSION: The overview of allele distribution for drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP2C19, NAT2, and TPMT among a Han Chinese population shows obvious difference to Caucasians. The data will be useful for clinical pharmacokinetic investigation and drug dosage administration to Han Chinese population.

Objective To investigate the genetic causes of auditory neuropathy with optic atrophy in a family.Methods The proband's medical history and family history were inquired in detail,and relevant clinical examina-tions were performed to confirm the diagnosis of auditory neuropathy with optic atrophy,and the genetic pedigree of the family was drawn.Peripheral blood of proband(Ⅲ-7)was collected for whole exome sequencing,and the patho-genicity of the detected mutations were interpreted.Blood samples of proband's wife(Ⅲ-8),eldest daughter(Ⅳ-7),second daughter(Ⅳ-9)and son(Ⅳ-10)were tested for mutation sites by Sanger sequencing.Combined with clinical manifestations and examination results,the family was studied.Results The genetic pattern of this family was autosomal dominant.The proband showed decreased visual acuity at the age of 19,bilateral sensorineural deaf-ness at the age of 30,and decreased speech recognition rate.Among 20 members of the family of 5 generations,10(2 deceased)showed similar symptoms of hearing and visual impairment.Proband(Ⅲ-7),eldest daughter(Ⅳ-7)and son(Ⅳ-10)underwent relevant examination.Pure tone audiometry showed bilateral sensorineural deafness.ABR showed no response bilaterally.The 40 Hz AERP showed no response in both ears.OAE showed responses in some or all of the frequencies.No stapedial reflex was detected.The eye movement of Ⅲ-7 and Ⅳ-10 were reasona-ble in all directions,and color vision was normal.Ocular papilla atrophy was observed in different degrees in fundus examination.OCT showed thinning of optic disc nerve fibers in both eyes,and visual evoked potential showed pro-longed P100 wave peak.They were diagnosed as hereditary auditory neuropathy with optic atrophy.A mutation of the OPA1 gene c.1334G＞A(p.Arg445His,NM_015560.2)at a pathogenic locus on chromosome 3 was detected by whole exon detection in Ⅲ-7.The results of generation sequencing analysis showed that the OPA1 gene c.1334G＞A(p.Arg445His,NM_015560.2)mutation of chromosome 3 was also found in Ⅳ-7 and Ⅳ-10.Meanwhile,the gen-otypes of Ⅲ-8 and Ⅳ-9 were wild homozygous,that is,no mutation occurred.Conclusion The OPA1 c.1334G＞A(p.Arg445His,NM_015560.2)mutation site might be the pathogenic mutation in this family.

This article reviews the clinical studies about the treatment of allergic rhinitis （AR） with traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in recent years. AR is a common and frequently occurring disease in the department of otolaryngology. The common manifestations of AR include nasal congestion， sneezing， runny nose， and nasal itching. AR， belonging to the category of rhinitis， is a dominant disease in the TCM treatment of otorhinolaryngologic diseases and head and neck diseases. The ancient literature has laid a solid theoretical basis on the etiology and pathogenesis of AR. According to the ancient literature， the theoretical basis， and their own experience， modern doctors classified the causes of AR into the disorders in Zang-fu organs and six meridians. Most of the explanations focus on the disorders in Zang-fu organs， especially the lung， spleen， and kidney. The clinical studies in this field mainly involve TCM treatment alone， integrated TCM and Western medicine treatment， and TCM external treatment. These therapies have good efficacy in the clinical treatment of AR. Among them， TCM treatment alone has significant advantages in alleviating the symptoms and nasal signs， declining the scores of related scales， and reducing the eosinophil count （EOS） of nasal secretions， with definite long-term efficacy. Integrated TCM and Western medicine treatment can complement with each other. The TCM external treatment methods include acupuncture， moxibustion， acupoint catgut embedding， acupoint application， and nasal irrigation with TCM， which are safe， simple， acceptable by patients and have good therapeutic effect. Finally， the clinical research status of TCM treatment of AR was summarized， and suggestions were put forward from three aspects： standardizing the clinical research protocol of TCM， encouraging pure TCM research， and exploring the mechanism of TCM treatment on the basis of frontier research achievements. This review aims to provide higher-level evidence for subsequent clinical research and promote the research on dominant AR diseases.