Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived peptide with anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. It has found that adiponectin can prevent the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis. This paper reviews the recent studies on adiponectin in cerebrovascular diseases, especially on ischemic stroke. Meanwhile, it also elaborates the close relationship between adiponectin and other traditional vascular risk factors.

OBJECTIVE To study the influence to the sterilizing effect of these factors,which were preheating the sterilizer,the positions of the articles placed and the cleanness of the internal wall.METHODS A total of 120 clinical used dental handpieces,according to the high-pressure steam sterilizer disposal procedure,were divided into four groups,with 30 handpieces in each group.Those only with high-pressure steam sterilizer process were chosen as the control group.Preheating 30 minutes,wipping the internal wall with 0.5% chlorine disinfectant before using high-pressure steam sterilizer and acting both of two steps were all chosen as the experimental groups.Each group was put in the interior,middle and exterior of the high-pressure steam sterilizer separately.The Rapid Readout Biological Indicators(3M Attest,the USA) were used to test the sterilizing effect.RESULTS The different methods of the high-pressure steam sterilizer had the significant differences to the handpieces sterilizing effect(P0.05).CONCLUSIONS To achieve ideal sterilization,it is suggested to wipe the internal wall and the temperature control probe head with 0.5% chlorine disinfectant and preheat the sterilizer for 30 minutes before put handpieces in the high-pressure steam sterilizer.

Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a family member of the transient receptor potential (TRPs). It is primarily localized to a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons, such as trigeminus, vagus and dorsal root ganglia. Neuropathic pain is often caused by peripheral nerve injury, diabetes and chemotherapeutics. A large of oxidative/nitrative stress products are produced during neuropathic pain, which cause acute nociception, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. TRPA1 antagonists may be beneficial in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Here, the role of TRPA1 in neuropathic pain is summarized.

Objective To evaluate the role of adiponectin (ADP) and adiponectin receptor-1(ADPR1) in limb ischemic precondi-tioning(LIPC) against apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI) .Methods SD rats were divided into 3 groups (n=10 ,4 rats of every group were prepared for detecting apoptosis ) .Group sham (group in sham operated) were processed identi-cally except the left coronary artery was not be ligated ;group MIRI (group in ischemia reperfusion) were subjected to occlusion of the left coronary artery anterior descending (LAD) followed by reperfusion ,occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min;group LIPC (group in limb ischemic preconditioning) were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion on the left hind limb for 5 min in turn for 3 d .LAD were performed ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min at the 4th day .The expression of the level of myocardial ADP and ADPR1 mRNA of group sham ,group MIRI and group LIPC were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) .The apoptosis index of every group were determined by mothod of terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase medi-ated nick end labeling(TUNEL)respectively .Results Compared with group sham ,the expression of ADP and ADPR1 mRNA in group MIRI lessened apparently (P<0 .05);compared with group MIRI ,the expression of ADP and ADPR1 mRNA in group LIPC increased statistically significant(P<0 .05);compared with group sham ,the apoptosis index(AI) of myocardial cells in group MIRI increased apparently(P<0 .05);compared with group MIRI ,the AI of myocardial cells in group LIPC decreased significantly (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Limb ischemic preconditioning ;decreased apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via activating ADP signaling pathways ,which played a protective role in myocardial tissue .

Objective To study the role of adiponectin (ADP) postconditioning on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) in rats .Methods SD rats were divided randomly into 3 groups :⑴Group Sham were processed identically except the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD) and was not ligated;⑵ Group MIRI were subjected to LAD occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min;⑶ Group ADP were subjected to ADP injection before reperfusion .The titer of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ,cardiac troponin I(cTnI) and malondialdehyde(MDA)in plasma were observed .The levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA)in myocardial tissue were observed .The results of HE staining and electrocardiograms(ECG) was ob‐served .Results Compared with Group Sham ,LDH ,cTnI and MDA in plasma in Group MIRI increased (P<0 .05);Compared with Group MIRI ,LDH ,cTnI and MDA in plasma in Group ADP declined (P<0 .05);Compared with Group Sham ,SOD decreased and MDA increased in myocardial tissue in Group MIRI (P<0 .05);Compared with Group MIRI ,SOD increased and MDA decreased in myocardial tissue in Group ADP (P<0 .05) .The myocardial injury was serious in Group MIRI while it was lightened in Group ADP .There were acute ischemia ECG change in Group MIRI while it was slight in Group ADP .Conclusion ADP postconditioning is a protective factor against MIRI in rats ,it is related to eliminating free radicals and alleviating the damage of lipid peroxidation .

Objective To study the role of adiponectin (ADP)post-conditioning in alleviating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) in 3-week old rats.Methods SD rats (3-week old) were randomly divided into 4 groups by random digits table (n =6):sham group was processed identically except that the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD) was not ligated;MIRI group was subjected to occlusion of the LAD followed by reperfusion,occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min;ADP group was subjected to injection of ADP into femoral vein before reperfusion;LY294002 group (ADP post-conditioning and LY294002) was subjected to injection of ADP and LY294002 into femoral vein before reperfusion.The titer of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),cardiac troponin I(cTnl) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in plasma were observed.The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD)and MDA in myocardial tissue were observed.Results The levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of MIRI group was (732.11 ± 111.29) IU/L,(38.05 ± 6.17) g/L and (4.49 ± 0.17) nmol/L,respectively,compared with sham group,the levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of MIRI group increased obviously(all P ＜ 0.05);the levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of ADP group were (581.72 ± 68.41) IU/L,(20.70 ± 5.43) g/L and (3.10 ± 0.20) nmol/L,respectively;compared with MIRI group,the levels of LDH,cTnⅠ and MDA in plasma of ADP group declined significantly (all P ＜0.05);the levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of LY294002 group were (701.10 ±99.59) IU/L,(33.13 ± 4.32) g/L and (4.19 ± 0.46) nmol/L,compared with ADP group,the levels of LDH,cTnI and MDA in plasma of group LY294002 increased remarkably (t =2.477,1.804,2.961,all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with sham group,the SOD level decreased and the MDA level increased in myocardial tissue of MIRI group(all P ＜ 0.05);compared with MIRI group,the SOD level increased and the MDA level decreased in myocardial tissue of ADP group (all P ＜ 0.05);compared with ADP group,the SOD level decreased and the MDA level increased in myocardial tissue of LY294002 group (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions ADP postconditioning is perhaps a protective factor for alleviating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in 3-week-old rats,the protective effect is perherps related to alleviating the damage of the lipid peroxidation by signaling pathway of adiponectin/phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B.

AIM: To establish a method to determine the concentration of indinavir in human plasma and study indinavir bioavailability in Chinese healthy people. METHODS: In a random two-period crossover study, 18 healthy male volunteers received a single dose of indinavir capsules 800 mg of two formulations respectively.A sensitive and specific reversed phase HPLC method was developed to quantitate plasma levels of indinavir. The drug was extracted from plasma with acetonitrile. Analysis was performed on a Hy persil C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile:0.01 mol · L -1 phosphate buffer(pH 5.5 ) (43: 57).The UV detector was set at 210 nm. The standard curve covered the concentration ranged from 0. 03 to 16.38 mg · L-1. RESULTS: The concentration-time curves of reference and tested formulations both fitted to a one-compartment open model. The main pharmacokinetic rameters of tested and reference formulations were (10.6 ±s 2.4) mg· L-1 and (9.8 ±2.2)mg· L-1 for cmax, (0. 71 ± 0. 19) h and (0. 8 ±0.3) h for tmax, (1.30±0.24) h and (1.31 ±0.23) h for t1/2ke, (23±6) mg·h· L-1 and (22±5) mg·h · L-1 forAUC0-10, (24±6) mg · h · L-1 and (22±5) mg · h · L-1 for AUC0-∞, respectively. Two one-sidet test and variance analysis were performed in bioequivalent assessment. No statistically significant difference was found in AUC0-10, AUC0-∞ and cmax values between the tested and reference formulations. CONCLUSION:The reversed phase HPLC is a reliable method to determine the concentration of indinavir in human plasma and the two formulations of indinavir are bioequivalent.

AIM: To determine the distribution and frequency of functionally important allelic variants in the cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2C19, arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), and thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) genes in the Han Chinese population and compare them with those of other ethnic populations.METHODS: Genotyping was carried out in a total of 210 unrelated Han Chinese volunteers derived from He-nan area. CYP2C19 variants ( * 2 and * 3), NAT2 variants ( * 6 and * 7), and TPMT variants ( * 3A, * 3B, and * 3C) were detected using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)assays. Detection of NA T2 * 5 and TPMT * 2 were performed using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS: Allele frequencies of CYP2C19 * 2 and * 3 occurred with 34.76 % and 6.4 %, respectively.Thirty-one persons ( 14.8 % ) carried two of these CYP2C19 alleles responsible for poor metabolizing activity.The frequencies of specif ic NAT2 alleles were 59.1%, 4.1%, 26.4 %, and 9.5 % for * 4 (wild-type), * 5(341C), * 6 (590A), and * 7 (857A), respectively. Genotyping of three different single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NA T2 gene revealed that the frequency of slow acetylators was 19.5 %. TPMT * 3C had an allelic frequency of 1.2 %. TPMT* 2, TPMT * 3A, or TPMT* 3B was not detected in the analysed samples. CONCLUSION: The overview of allele distribution for drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP2C19, NAT2, and TPMT among a Han Chinese population shows obvious difference to Caucasians. The data will be useful for clinical pharmacokinetic investigation and drug dosage administration to Han Chinese population.

AIM: To develop a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantification of zidovudine and to study the pharmacokinetics of two kinds of zidovudine capsules in Chinese healthy volunteers. METHODS :The concentrations of zidovudine in plasma were determined by a validated HPLC method with UV detection. A randomized two-way crossover study was conducted in 18 fasting volunteers to compare plasma pharmacokinetic profile and single-dose tolerability of a new zidovudine capsules. RESULTS: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of two formulations, reference and test capsules, were as follows: cmax were (2 252±s 837) μg·L-1 and (2 300±1 099) μg·L-1; tmax were (0.49±0.19) h and (0.5±0.3) h;t1/2 ke were (0.93±0.19) h and (0.99±0.24) h; AUC0-t were (2 530±452) μg·h·L-1 and (2 467±605) μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞ were(2 689 ± 414) μg·h·L-1 and (2 583±575) μg·h·L-1. The results of ANOVA and two one-side t test statistical analysis for lg AUC0-t, lg AUC0-∞ and lg cmax showed that two formulations were bioequivalent. CONCLUSION:The method is convenient, sensitive, accurate and reproducible, and could be applied to determining the plasma zidovudine concentration and studying on pharmacokinetics. Two zidovudine capsules are bioequivalent in Chinese healthy volunteers.

Objective To investigate the role of bacterial flagellin and CD98 in ulcerative colitis (UC).Methods A total of 60 first episode patients with active UC were recruited,including 30 mild and 30 moderate to severe UC cases.The serum of 30 healthy volunteers and normal intestinal tissues surgically removed from 15 colon cancer patients (more than 5 cm away from surgical margins) were collected as control.The content of bacterial flagellin antibodies in peripheral blood were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The expression of CD98 in peripheral blood T lymphocyte was measured by flow cytometry (FACS).The expression of bacterial flagellin protein in intestinal mucosa and CD98 in intestinal epithelial basement membrane was tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC).The comparison between two groups was performed with the SNK-q method,the R×C table x2 test was used to analyze the counted data,and the Spearman correlation was used to analyze the rank materials.Results The peripheral blood concentration of bacteria flagella protein antibody of control group,mild UC group and moderate to severe group showed an upward trend,which was (7.603±2.118) pg/ml,(13.702±3.131) pg/ml and (20.813±3.004) pg/ml respectively,and the differences among groups were statistically significant (F=13.57,P＜0.01).The expression percentage of bacteria flagella protein in intestinal mucosa of the three groups also showed an upward trend,which was 3/15,56.67％ and 73.33％ respectively,and the differences among groups were statistically significant (x2 =11.553,P=0.003).The positive rate of CD98 expression in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of the three groups showed an upward trend,which was (28.42±4.31)％,(32.45±6.71)％ and (43.40±5.09) ％ respectively,and the differences among groups were statistically significant (x2 =10.110,P=0.007).The positive rate of CD98 expression in intestinal epithelial cells of the three groups also showed an upward trend,which was 1/15,36.67 ％ and 66.67％ respectively,and the differences among groups were statistically significant (x2 =5.400,P＜0.05).There was positive correlation between the peripheral blood concentration of bacteria flagella protein antibody and the expression of CD98 in peripheral blood T lymphocytes (r=0.548,P＜0.05).Conclusion Bacterial flagellin and CD98 may be important factors causing inflammatory reaction activity in UC.