Objective To analyze the effect of the new cooperative medical care on the use of outpatient services by rural residents so as to provide scientific basis for its improvement. Methods Using the stratified cluster sampling method, house-to-house surveys on the residents of Dongying via interviews were conducted both before and after the implementation of the new cooperative medical care. Results Although the two-week rate of seeking medical services by the rural residents after the implementation of the new cooperative medical care did not increase, changes did take place in the flow direction of the patients and the rate of seeking medical services at the end of two weeks took a downward turn. Fairness in the use of health services by the residents was enhanced. Conclusion The new cooperative medical care strongly guarantees rural patients' access to medical care.

Objective To investigate the physical and mental health of Shandong medical personnel.Methods 3200 medical personnel were randomly selected from hospitals of Shandong province,selfhealth,depression and sense of work stress were measured and analyzed statistically.Results 36.3％ of medical staff was in depression state,and even about 22.5％ of the subjects was in moderate or severe depression state.Male and female medical staff showed no difference in sense of work pressure.Senior medical staff showed higher working pressure than middle-class,junior-class and low-level medical personnel,but middleclass,junior medical staff and low-level medical staff showed no significant difference.In the aspect of self-health status,male and female medical personnel showed no significant differences,senior,middle-class and junior-class medical staff reported worse self-health status than low-level medical personnel.Conclusions Managers should pay attention to physical and mental health of medical personnel,adopt pertinent measures to reduce their mental pressure in order to promote their physical and mental health.

Fairness, which is of special importance to health economy policies, has the following three major implications: fairness of the state of health, fairness of the delivery of health services and fairness of health fundraising. Traditional methods for measuring fairness include those of range, Lorentz curve, Jeany coefficient, difference index, and, for measuring unfairness, those of slope index, relative index and comprehensive curve. Recently WHO put forward 3 new fairness indexes and measurement methods, viz. measuring the fairness of residents health via the distribution index of child survival rate and disability adjusted life expectancy; measuring the fairness of the delivery of health services via reactivity; and measuring the fairness of health fundraising via the fairness and reasonableness index for the contributions of funds.

Methods of payment have always been a key part of health reform in various countries of the world. The paper gives a general account of the evolution of methods of payment for hospital care throughout the universe and the evolution and prospects of CP DRG. It expounds the necessity and viability of adopting CP DRG in China and suggests that we take the initiative in using the experience of other countries for reference, learn from other countries practice, speed up reform in methods of payment for hospital care, publish relevant policies, and reinforce theoretical and applied research on CP DRG.

Objective:To explore the main economic and social factors influencing human health. Methods:By using the partial least squares(PLS) method and the panel data from areas of China in 2011, regression model related with economic social factors and human life expectancy was built. Results: Per capital GDP, the proportion of the tertiary industry, the number of people beyond college diploma per million people and the number of health technical personnel per 1 000 people has inverse relationshop with life expectancy;the proportion of medical costs accounted for fiscal expenditure, the ratio of fiscal deficit, rate of unemployment and Gini coefficient have reverse relationshop with life expectancy. Conclusion: To improve the level of human health, it needs to take comprehensive measures.

Objective: To explore the impact of regional economy on structure of total health expenditure. Methods: According to the panel data of China from 2002 to 2011, the partial least-squares regression method was used to build the relationship model of regional economy and total health expenditure construction. Results: Per capital GDP, the proportion of the tertiary industry, financial revenue per capita and urban residents disposable income have negative correlation with resident individual health expenditure, while the Engel coefficient has positive relationship with them. Conclusion: Optimizing industrial structure and raising the income of residents are the key factors of optimizing the structure of total health expenditure.

Objective To evaluate outcomes of the reform and recommend on risk avoidance.Methods The retrospective descriptive analysis was called into play to compare the surveillance data of the medical institutions before and after the reform.Results Significant changes have been identified in such key elements of the institutions as medical service,quality of care,efficiency,and costs.Improvements include effective release of the medical needs of patients,much higher efficiency of medical staff,shorter days of stay,and drug proportion,in addition to reasonable control of the total inpatient expenses,and further cutback of the patient's out-of-pocket burden.Conclusion With other factors excluded,the reform can benefit the patients and help medical institutions development,if risks are avoided and measures improved.

Objective To find out social support status and its influencing factors in left-home-kids in rural areas. Methods 893 left-home-kids and 335 non-left-home-kids were interviewed with the social support rating scale. Results The total score of social support of left-home-kids was obviously lower than that of non-left-home-kids; in the same way, the score of female was higher than male, the score of low age group was higher than high age group, the score of kids with father or mother as the custodian was higher than that of other custodian subjects; the score of children whose left-home duration was more than five years was higher than that of lower than one year. Conclusions The social support of left-home-kids was poorer than non-lefthome-kids. There is some difference in the social support in left-home-kids with different sex, age, custodian subject, left-home duration. Social support should be given to children with low social support.

Objective To assess the use of hospitalization services by urban and rural residents of Dongying City and its influencing factors. Methods A survey on health services in the whole city was conducted in 2002 and on the basis of a descriptive analysis of the data, an analysis of the influencing factors of hospitalization probability was made by means of logistic regression. Results The hospitalization ratio of urban and rural residents of Dongying averaged 57‰ whereas the ratio of nonhospitalization averaged 42‰, both being higher than the average national levels. The hospitalization ratio of urban residents was 76‰ whereas that of rural residents was 46‰, the former being significantly higher than the latter. Factors influencing hospitalization probability chiefly included sex, age, income, and medical insurance system. Conclusion It is suggested that the process of regional health planning be accelerated and systems of medical security and medical aid be adopted.

Objective To understand the demand for chronic disease care by Dongying residents so as to provide basis for the formulation of disease control strategies by the government. Methods A sample survey was made on family health services dehvered to Dongying residents and an analysis was made using an economic model of demand elasticity. Results The coefficients of price elasticity for basic chronic disease care in the urban and rural areas of Dongying were respectively -0.268 and -0.469 and the coefficients of income elasticity were respectively 0.176 and 0.370. The price and income factors had a fairly big influence on the demand of the rural residents. Conclusion The price factor of health services must he taken into serious consideration in managing medical and health services institutions so as to genuinely improve the demand for health services by residents.