Alzheimer's disease （AD） is a common type of dementia， primarily characterized by cognitive and behavioral impairments as well as deficits in learning and memory. The progression of AD has imposed a significant economic burden on society and families. However， its exact pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Currently， available therapeutic drugs are limited and are often accompanied by serious adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicines （TCMs） and their extracts are mostly natural products and possess advantages such as multi-pathway regulation and relatively few adverse reactions. Experimental studies have shown that TCMs exhibit great potential in the prevention and treatment of AD. For example， Huanglian Jieduang， Danggui Shaoyaosan， Kaixin San， Liuwei Dihuangwan， Buyang Huanwutang， as well as Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Astragali Radix， Uncariae Ramulus cum Uncis， Coptidis Rhizoma， Gardeniae Fructus， Ginkgo Folium， Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and Curcumae Longae Rhizoma， can reduce β-amyloid deposition， inhibit excessive Tau protein phosphorylation， restore mitochondrial function， alleviate oxidative stress， suppress neuroinflammation and apoptosis， repair synaptic function， and improve gut microbiota. This article mainly summarizes the effects of several TCMs and compound prescriptions on AD， aiming to provide a reference for subsequent TCM-based treatment of AD.

OBJECTIVE: Exploring the formation and aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) (amylin) fibers is significant for promoting the prevention and treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Flavones in pomelo peel have visible biological activity in the anti-diabetes aspect. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of five flavones [naringin (NRG), narirutin (NRR), nobiletin (NOB), sinensetin (SIN), and neohesperidin (NHP)] in pomelo peel on peptide aggregation and explore its possible mechanisms. The cell viability of flavones against peptide aggregation was also evaluated. METHODS: The thioflavin T (ThT) assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for evaluating the inhibition and disaggregation of flavones on peptide aggregation. The interaction mechanism was analyzed by endogenous fluorescence, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and immune assays were performed to characterize the cell viability of flavones against peptide aggregation. RESULTS: The five flavones showed a decrease in fluorescence intensity, fiber number and size under incubation with different molar ratios of hIAPP. The compounds can bind to the aromatic tyrosine (Tyr) residueTyr 37, resulting in the intrinsic fluorescence quenching of the peptides. Five flavones can form hydrogen bonds with hIAPP, which is likely to be based on their phenolic hydroxyl structure. They showed strong binding affinity with peptides. The reaction system of NRG and NRR observed an exothermic reaction, and the others were endothermic reactions. The absorption peaks of the compounds with hIAPP changed and showed hypochromic effects, indicating that there may be π-π stacking interaction. Flavones noticeably increased the cell viability in the presence of amyloid peptides and reduced the absorption intensity induced by peptide oligomers. CONCLUSION A total of five flavones in pomelo peel have inhibitory and depolymerization effects on amyloid fibrils, and can significantly protect cells from the toxic effect of hIAPP and reduce the production of toxic oligomers.

Abstract Modern western medicine typically focuses on treating specific symptoms or diseases, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) emphasizes the interconnections of the body’s various systems under external environment and takes a holistic approach to preventing and treating diseases. Phenomics was initially introduced to the field of TCM in 2008 as a new discipline that studies the laws of integrated and dynamic changes of human clinical phenomes under the scope of the theories and practices of TCM based on phenomics. While TCM Phenomics 1.0 has initially established a clinical phenomic system centered on Zhenghou (a TCM definition of clinical phenome), bottlenecks remain in data standardization, mechanistic interpretation, and precision intervention. Here, we systematically elaborates on the theoretical foundations, technical pathways, and future challenges of integrating digital medicine with TCM phenomics under the framework of “TCM phenomics 2.0”, which is supported by digital medicine technologies such as artificial intelligence, wearable devices, medical digital twins, and multi-omics integration. This framework aims to construct a closed-loop system of “Zhenghou–Phenome–Mechanism–Intervention” and to enable the digitization, standardization, and precision of disease diagnosis and treatment. The integration of digital medicine and TCM phenomics not only promotes the modernization and scientific transformation of TCM theory and practice but also offers new paradigms for precision medicine. In practice, digital tools facilitate multi-source clinical data acquisition and standardization, while AI and big data algorithms help reveal the correlations between clinical Zhenghou phenomes and molecular mechanisms, thereby improving scientific rigor in diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and personalized intervention. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including data quality and standardization issues, shortage of interdisciplinary talents, and insufficiency of ethical and legal regulations. Future development requires establishing national data-sharing platforms, strengthening international collaboration, fostering interdisciplinary professionals, and improving ethical and legal frameworks. Ultimately, this approach seeks to build a new disease identification and classification system centered on phenomes and to achieve the inheritance, innovation, and modernization of TCM diagnostic and therapeutic patterns.

OBJECTIVE To prepare polyethylene glycol （PEG）-modified flower lactose （FL） loaded Curcumin （Cur） solid lipid nanoparticle （SLN） inhalable micropowder （referred to as “PEG-Cur-FL”）. METHODS PEG-Cur-FL was prepared by the solvent emulsification diffusion low-temperature solidification method， and its encapsulation efficiency， drug loading capacity， powder properties， aerodynamic particle size， in vitro deposition properties， and in vitro release characteristics were characterized. The mice were divided into Cur-SLN-FL （unmodified with PEG） group and PEG-Cur-FL group， with 55 mice in each group. Both groups of mice were given a single inhalation of 5 mg/kg （calculated as Cur） of the corresponding drug micropowder through an air tube. At 0.25， 0.5， 1， 2， 4， 6， 8， 12， 24， 48 and 72 hours after administration， eyeballs were removed to collect blood and tracheal， lung， liver and kidney tissues were separated. The mass concentration of Cur in mouse plasma and various tissue samples was measured， and the tissue distribution and retention of the drug were analyzed. RESULTS The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity of PEG-Cur-FL were （86.2±1.8）% and （4.2±0.2）%， respectively； the bulk density and tap density were （0.24±0.01） g/cm3 and （0.30±0.01） g/cm3， respectively； the aerodynamic particle size was （2.74±0.64） μm； the in vitro effective site deposition rate （secondary drug deposition rate） was （45.07±2.79）%. Compared with Cur raw materials， Cur-SLN- FL and PEG-Cur-FL had sustained release effects under both leakage and non-leakage conditions， and PEG-Cur-FL had a smoother sustained release in artificial lung fluid， with release characteristics consistent with the Weibull model. The results of in vivo distribution showed that the drug concentration in the lung tissue of PEG-Cur-FL group was significantly lower than that of Cur- SLN-FL group during the same period after 1 hour of administration， while the drug concentration in the lung tissue at 4 to 48 hours was significantly higher than that of Cur-SLN-FL group during the same period （P＜0.05）； the plasma drug concentrations of the PEG-Cur-FL group at all time points from 0.25 to 12 hours were significantly lower than those of the Cur-SLN-FL group during the same period （P＜0.05）， and the drug concentrations in liver and kidney tissues were also lower than those of the Cur-SLN-FL group during the same period （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS PEG-Cur-FL is prepared successfully； the inhalable micropowder has good inhalability and release performance； after administration through the trachea， the effective concentration of Cur in lung tissue can be increased， while reducing its plasma drug concentration and drug distribution concentration in non-target organs.

Objective:To detect the biological markers related to Alzheimer's disease(AD)in the peripheral blood of AD patients,and to explore the activities and levels of the antioxidant function indexes and the expressions of related genes and proteins in the blood of AD patients and the changes after intervention of selenium-rich food.Methods:The Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)combined with electroencephalogram or brain CT and clinician diagnosis were used for screening AD.Fifty-six elderly patients with AD aged 75-90 years old were selected.Among them,28 cases were selected as normal diet group for AD(AD group),and 28 cases were selected as dietary selenium intervention group(Se-AD group).The patients in Se-AD group were given daily dietary selenium supplementation(increaseing dietary selenium by 15-20 μg per day)for 3 months.Meanwhile,30 people with the same age were selected as healthy control group.The activities of serum superoxide dismutase(SOD),cholinesterase(CHE),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and the levels of serum malondialdehyde(MDA),homocysteine(Hcy),and nitric oxide(NO)as well as reagent kit the levels of serum β-amyloid protein(Aβ),and microtubule-associated protein(Tau)and phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein(p-Tau)of the subjects in various groups were detected by and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)method;the expression levels of apolipoprotein E4(ApoE4),presenilin 1(PS1),presenilin 2(PS2),cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3(Caspase3),sorting associated protein receptor 1(SORL1),β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1),hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF1),nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB),β-amyloid precursor protein(APP),protein kinase C(PKC),and Aβ mRNA in peripheral blood of the subjects various groups were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method.Results:Compared with healthy control group,the serum SOD activities of the patients in Se-AD group and AD group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),while serum CHE activity and the levels of MDA and Hcy were significantly increased(P＜0.05);the serum GSH-Px activity of the patients in AD group was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and the level of NO was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with Se-AD group,serum CHE activity and the level of Hcy of the patients in AD group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).The expression levels of ApoE4,PS1,Caspase3,BACE1,NF-κB and APP mRNA of the patients in Se-AD group and AD group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the expression levels of PKC mRNA were significantly decreased(P＜0.05);the expression level of PS2 mRNA of the patients in AD group was significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the expression levels of Aβ mRNA of the patients in Se-AD group and AD group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion:The activities of serum SOD,GSH-Px and CHE and the levels of MDA,Hcy and NO,the levels of Aβ,Tau and p-Tau proteins,and the expression levels of ApoE4,PS1,Caspase3,BACE1,NF-κB,PKC,PS2,Aβ and APP mRNA in peripheral blood of the AD patients may vary and can be used for clinical diagnosis of the AD patients.Selenium-rich food can improve AD to some extent,and its mechanism is related to reducing the oxidative damage of brain tissue and decreasing the expression of AD related genes PS2 and Aβ.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of modified Shaoyao Decoction with Astragali Radix and Houttuynize Herba in regulating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway against intestinal mucosal barrier injury in ulcerative colitis (UC) rats.Methods:Totally 72 Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank control group, a model group, a mesalazine group, and modified Shaoyao Decoction high-, medium-, and low-dose groups using a random number table method. After successful modeling, the mesalazine group was given 0.2 g/kg of mesalazine suspension by gavage, while modified Shaoyao Decoction high-, medium-, and low-dose groups were given 44.5, 22.3, and 11.1 g/kg of modified Shaoyao Decoction by gavage, once a day, for a total of 4 weeks. The pathological changes of colon tissue were observed using HE staining; immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the expressions of tight junction protein (ZO-1), cytoskeletal protein (F-actin), and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE cadherin) in colon tissue; Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of PI3K, Akt, NF-κB, VEGF, and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in colon tissue; QRT PCR was used to detect the expressions of PI3K and Akt mRNA in colon tissue; ELISA method was used to detect the levels of serum TNF-α and endothelin (ET).Results:Compared with the model group, the DAI scores of the mesalazine group and modified Shaoyao Decoction high-dosage group decreased significantly on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after modeling ( P<0.05 or P<0.01). In mesalazine group and modified Shaoyao Decoction high-, medium-, and low-dose groups, the pathological injury score of colon tissue decreased ( P<0.01), the immunofluorescence intensity of ZO-1, F-actin and VE-cadherin protein expression in colon tissue increased ( P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the expressions of PI3K, Akt, NF-κB and VEGF protein decreased ( P<0.01). The expression of COX-2 protein and the levels of PI3K mRNA and Akt mRNA decreased in the mesalazine group and modified Shaoyao Decoction high- and medium groups ( P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion:Modified Shaoyao Decoction can antagonize the intestinal barrier injury of UC by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway and promote the healing of intestinal mucosal ulcer.

Objective:To conduct simulated graduation skill assessment and annual skill assessment by self-designed objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) for standardized training of radiation oncology residents.Methods:The structured examination, standardized questions and standardized tasks of each disease were designed by teaching team of radiation oncology in the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital. The implementation effect of the annual assessment and simulated completion assessment of standardized training for residents in radiation oncology from Class 2019 to 2021 was prospectively observed. The difference between scores by two independent examiners was analyzed by the paired t-test. The overall feedback of residents and examiners for the implementation were collected after the completion of OSCE. Results:A total of 18 residents participated in 67 sessions of 3-station skill assessments of different diseases, including 2 make-up tests. There was no difference in the score pairing and grade pairing tests between two examiners at 3 stations ( t=0.85, -0.68, -1.16; P=0.401, 0.499, 0.255). A total of 91.3% of the residents reported that the assessment well reflected their actual clinical competency. Conclusions:The current program of OSCE assessment for radiation oncology meets objectification, standardization and high efficiency, and achieves the goal of making trainers familiar with the graduation skill assessment and assessing comprehensive clinical competence. It is a reproducible and flexible structured assessment model.

Objective:To investigate the potential mechanism of electroacupuncture(EA)at bilateral Fengchi(GB20)in treating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and to provide a scientific basis for future experimental research and clinical applications. Methods:Forty male specific-pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups:a normal group,a normal with EA group,a model group,and a model with EA group,with 10 rats in each group.The normal group received no intervention.The normal with EA group received EA at bilateral Fengchi(GB20).The model group underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)using the suture.The model with EA group underwent MCAO and received EA at bilateral Fengchi(GB20).Cerebral blood flow was monitored using a laser Doppler cerebral blood flow meter.Neurologic damage was assessed using the neurologic deficit score,and motor ability was observed using the CatWalk gait system.The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)and neuronal nuclei(NeuN)protein,the neuron markers,was detected by Western blotting.The protein expression levels of GFAP and NeuN,as well as the number of positive cells in the motor cortex,were detected using immunofluorescence. Results:Compared to the normal group,the cerebral blood flow values in the model group and the model with EA group decreased by more than 50%during the modeling process(P<0.01)and returned to pre-modeling levels after reperfusion(P>0.05).The neurologic deficit score increased(P<0.05),the average motor velocity decreased(P<0.05),GFAP protein expression and the number of positive cells in the motor cortex increased(P<0.05),and the NeuN protein expression and the number of positive cells decreased(P<0.05)in the model group.Compared to the model group,the neurologic deficit score decreased(P<0.05),the average motor velocity accelerated(P<0.05),GFAP and NeuN protein expression and the number of positive cells in the motor cortex increased(P<0.01)in the model with EA group. Conclusion:EA at bilateral Fengchi(GB20)can reduce neuronal loss and increase GFAP and NeuN protein expression in the motor cortex of rats after ischemia-reperfusion,improve the motor function after ischemic stroke,and accelerate the recovery of balance and stability of the affected limbs.

As a type of experiential psychotherapy,Satir communication model can help the individual system and the family system achieve a state from dysfunction to healthy function,which can enrich the intervention connotation of family support and provide a new direction for the realization of full-life circle care.This paper aims to introduce the concept,core elements,common treatment techniques,application and effects,current challenges and relevant suggestions of Satir communication model in the nursing field from the perspective of family support,in order to provide references for the localization development and clinical integration of Satir communication model in the field of nursing in China.