Objective To provide a simple, convenient, and safe anesthesia method for the establishment of a M1 segment of middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rhesus monkey or other large laboratory animals.Method Twenty male rhesus monkeys weighing 7-11 kg (ages 7-9 years) from Academy of Military Medical Sciences were used in this study.Sumianxin injection combined with 0.1 mg/kg ketamine was given before endotracheal intubation (ID:4.5-5.5#).The animals were then transported to an interventional operation room, where the intravenous access was established and a urinary catheter was inserted into the urinary bladder.Mechanical ventilation was used during the surgery, propofol was continuously injected in a speed of 2-4 mg/kg/h, and Sumianxin-ketamine could be given if necessary to maintain adequate anesthesia depth.The dose was adjusted according to vital signs of the rhesus such as body movements, physiological parameters, and demand of surgery.Brain MRI examination was performed before and after thrombolysis.Anesthetic injection was suspended and the animals were allowed to have a spontaneous breathing every time before the MRI text.Heart rates, temperature, non-invasive blood pressure, and SpO2 were monitored during the whole surgery.Blood samples were taken from the radial artery for blood gas analysis after anesthesia induction and during operation.Results All the 20 animals underwent the operation successfully, no animal had restlessness, respiratory depression, arrhythmia and other serious complications.At the end of the study, animals awake soon.Fifteen of them survived longer than 24 hours, only 5 died from serious cerebral hemorrhage and larger cerebral infarction.Conclusions General endotracheal anesthesia is safe for rhesus monkeys during such interventional operation and MRI examination.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between inflammatory responses induced by perioperative infection and surgical stress and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice. Methods One hundred forty?four healthy male C57BL∕6 mice, aged 8-12 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=36 each) using a random number table: control group ( group C) , surgery group ( group S) , infection group ( group I) , and infection+surgery group ( group I+S) . In group S, the open reduction and internal fixation was performed after tibial fracture was induced. Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) 100 μg∕kg was injected intraperitoneally at the same time every day for 5 consecutive days starting from 1 day before surgery in group I. In group I+S, LPS 100 μg∕kg was injected intraperitoneally at the same time every day for 5 consecutive days starting from 1 day before surgery, and the open reduction and internal fixation was per?formed after tibial fracture was induced at 2 h after LPS injection on the day of surgery. Contextual fear con?ditioning test was performed on 1 and 3 days after surgery, and cognitive function was assessed. The rate of freezing time was calculated. The peripheral venous blood samples were collected for determination of plas?ma interleukin?6 ( IL?6) and IL?1β concentrations by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay. The animals were then sacrificed, and the hippocampi were isolated for determination of IL?6, IL?1β and prostaglandin E2 ( PGE2 ) contents in hippocampal tissues by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with group C, the rate of freezing time was significantly decreased on 1 and 3 days after surgery, and the contents of IL?6, IL?1βand PGE2 in hippocampal tissues were significantly increased on 1 and 3 days after surgery in S and I+S groups, the concentrations of plasma IL?6 and IL?1βwere significantly increased on 1 day after surgery, and the concentration of plasma IL?1βwas significantly increased on 3 days after surgery in group S, the concentrations of plasma IL?6 and IL?1β were significantly increased on 1 and 3 days after surgery in I and I+S groups ( P<0?01) , and no significant change was found in the rate of freezing time on 1 and 3 days after surgery in group I ( P>0?05) . Compared with group S or group I, the rate of freezing time was significantly decreased on 1 and 3 days after surgery, and the concentrations of IL?6 and IL?1βin plasma and contents of IL?6, IL?1β and PGE2 in hippocampal tissues were significantly increased on 1 and 3 days after surgery in group I+S ( P<0?01) . Conclusion Inflammatory responses induced by periopera?tive infection and surgical stress can aggravate postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of oxycodone or hydromorphone combined with propofol for colonoscopy.Methods A total of 150 patients of both sexes,aged 18-64 yr,weighing 45-85 kg,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,undergoing colonoscopy,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=50) using a random number table:fentanyl combined with propofol group (group F),oxycodone combined with propofol group (group O) and hydromorphone combined with propofol (group H).In F,O and H groups,fentanyl 1 μg/kg,oxycodone 0.1 mg/kg and hydromorphone 0.02 mg/kg were injected over 60 s,respectively,and then propofol 1.5 mg/kg was injected intravenously.After eyelash reflex disappeared,a colonoscope was placed.When body movement occurred during examination,half of the initial dose of propofol was added.The time for induction of anesthesia,operation time,emergence time,recovery time,occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events,nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression,and amount of propofol consumed were recorded.Results There was no significant difference between the three groups in the time for induction of anesthesia,operation time,emergence time,recovery time,adverse cardiovascular events,respiratory depression,and amount of propofol consumed.Compared with group F,the incidence of nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression was significantly decreased,and the degree was reduced in H and O groups.No significant difference was found between group O and group H in the incidence of nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression and the degree.Conclusion Oxycodone or hydromorphone combined with propofol can be safely and effectively used for colonoscopy and the efficacy is better than that of fentanyl combined with propofol.

Using mutation PCR, we cloned the target gene containing 421-480nt (141-160aa) and 598-639nt (200-213aa) of VP1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) into the deleted region (508-532aa) of Nsp2 gene of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus derived vaccine strain (HuN4-F112) that was used as vector. The recombinant cDNA was in vitro transcribed followed by transfection of BHK-21 cells for 36 h. Then, the supernatant of the cell culture was continuously seeded to monolayer of MARC-145 cells for recovery of the recombinant virus. CPE was obviously visible after a couple of passages in the seeded MARC-145, and the rescued virus (designated as rPRRSV-F112-O/VP1ep) was identified by Mlu I digestion, sequencing and immunofluorescence assay. Meanwhile, expression of inserted FMDV epitopes was also detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay with polyclonal antibodies against VP1 protein of FMDV. The analysis of biological characteristics shows that the titer of the rescued recombinant PRRSV (TCID50 = -log10(-6.75)/0.1 mL) was similar to its direct parental virus rHuN4-F112-delta508-532, but higher than rHuN4-F112.
Animals ; Antigens, Viral ; immunology ; Base Sequence ; Capsid Proteins ; immunology ; Cell Line ; Cysteine Endopeptidases ; genetics ; Epitopes ; genetics ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Swine ; Transfection ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology

Ischemic stroke is a severe disorder resulting from acute cerebral thrombosis. Here we demonstrated that post-ischemic treatment with ciclopirox olamine (CPX), a potent antifungal clinical drug, alleviated brain infarction, neurological deficits and brain edema in a classic rat model of ischemic stroke. Single dose post-ischemic administration of CPX provided a long-lasting neuroprotective effect, which can be further enhanced by multiple doses administration of CPX. CPX also effectively reversed ischemia-induced neuronal loss, glial activation as well as blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. Employing quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis, 130 phosphosites in 122 proteins were identified to be significantly regulated by CPX treatment in oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-exposed SH-SY5Y cells, which revealed that phosphokinases and cell cycle-related phosphoproteins were largely influenced. Subsequently, we demonstrated that CPX markedly enhanced the AKT (protein kinase B, PKB/AKT) and GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) phosphorylation in OGD-exposed SH-SY5Y cells, and regulated the cell cycle progression and nitric oxide (NO) release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 cells, which may contribute to its ameliorative effects against ischemia-associated neuronal death and microglial inflammation. Our study suggests that CPX could be a promising compound to reduce multiple ischemic injuries; however, further studies will be needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved.