No abstract available.
Linguistics*

There were many problems related to the regulations of speech and writing, words, meanings, sentences, expressions and paragraphs in the textbooks and papers of the neuropsychiatric community. The Korean orthography, particularly spacing words, the rules of spelling loan word and romanization of Korean were often violated in those literatures. In the aspects of words and meanings, the cases with inappropriate selection of words and vagueness in the sentential meanings were found. Especially, redundant expressions, overuse of the foreign languages and loan words, and unnecessary causative expressions were often found. And also omissions of indispensable constituents, disagreements among the constituents, inappropriate connections occurred in the sentences. The expressions were unnatural because of the overuse of noun phrases and metaphrastic styles, also there were many paragraphs lacking of unity, closeness, and completeness. These problems cause the difficulties in understanding the contents of the writing and deteriorate the credibility of the writing, so the author should improve his abilities to understand and use properly Korean language.
Linguistics* ; Social Control, Formal ; Writing

PURPOSE: We aimed to translate the Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control in Kids (TRACK) instrument into Korean, with subsequent linguistic validation. METHODS: The multistep process of forward translation, reconciliation, back-translation, cognitive debriefing, and proofreading of the Korean version of the TRACK was completed. RESULTS: Two bilingual medical personnel independently translated the original English version of the TRACK into Korean one. After moderating the translation into a single reconciled one, 4 other bilingual persons were invited to translate the Korean draft back into an English one. Discrepancies between the original English version and the back-translated one were reviewed, and the need to modify the reconciled Korean draft was discussed. Twenty caregivers of asthmatic children took part in interviews that examine the appropriateness of the Korean version of the TRACK. The feedback from caregivers were then reviewed by a panel of pediatric allergists and reflected in the final Korean version. The document was finally proofread to check the spelling, grammar, layout and formatting. CONCLUSION: Translation and linguistic validation of the Korean version of the TRACK instrument were completed.
Asthma* ; Caregivers ; Child ; Humans ; Linguistics* ; Translations

OBJECTIVES: Auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) is knoun for its high prevalence and difficulty in evaluation. Authors hypothesized that it may be possible to find useful dimensions of AVH that reflect the clinical status of schizophrenic patients by assessing the multi-dimensional changes and linguistic forms' of AVH during antipsychotic treatment. METHODS: 33 schizophrenic patients with AVH were selected and periodically assessed with the 11 items of hallucinations subscale of 'The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS)'. In addition, to assess the linguistic forms observed in the AVH, the evaluations of sentence structure of AVH reported by the patients were conducted. RESULTS: PSYRATS showed the multidimensionality inherent in AVH. The changes in the quantitative dimensions did not correlate well with patients' subjective distress. However, qualitative changes in the cognitive and emotional dimensions showed more favorable correlation with clinical course of the patient. The sentence structures of AVH showed tendency to change from "sentence" to "non-sentence" type with overall improvement during treatment. CONCLUSION: Multi-dimensional approach to AVH can give us more information about the changing patterns of multi-faceted structure of AVH and clinical status of patients than one-dimensional or categorical approach.
Hallucinations* ; Humans ; Linguistics ; Prevalence ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: Auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) is knoun for its high prevalence and difficulty in evaluation. Authors hypothesized that it may be possible to find useful dimensions of AVH that reflect the clinical status of schizophrenic patients by assessing the multi-dimensional changes and linguistic forms' of AVH during antipsychotic treatment. METHODS: 33 schizophrenic patients with AVH were selected and periodically assessed with the 11 items of hallucinations subscale of 'The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS)'. In addition, to assess the linguistic forms observed in the AVH, the evaluations of sentence structure of AVH reported by the patients were conducted. RESULTS: PSYRATS showed the multidimensionality inherent in AVH. The changes in the quantitative dimensions did not correlate well with patients' subjective distress. However, qualitative changes in the cognitive and emotional dimensions showed more favorable correlation with clinical course of the patient. The sentence structures of AVH showed tendency to change from "sentence" to "non-sentence" type with overall improvement during treatment. CONCLUSION: Multi-dimensional approach to AVH can give us more information about the changing patterns of multi-faceted structure of AVH and clinical status of patients than one-dimensional or categorical approach.
Hallucinations* ; Humans ; Linguistics ; Prevalence ; Weights and Measures

Reconstruction of the infantile process of acquiring a language shows that in order to initially develop the object scheme, children must have an ability to maintain the intensity of their sensory stimulation and their own sense of synaesthesia. Such a somatic condition concedes children to acquire the object scheme from her/his subjective perspective. This becomes likely through the symptomatic relation that is made when children partition the undifferentiated senses as a whole. The next significant step in acquisition of a language is that children should synchronize their own object scheme with that of the existing language community; this sensible phenomenon requires mutual role change and change of perspective by children. In addition, autism research holds a significant meaning not only as a psychiatric study but also as a sound philosophical investigation. In particular, the logical reconstruction of language acquisition is used be restricted to normal linguistic condition and this attempt only explains half of the entire study of development of language. The logical reconstruction of language acquisition can be faultless only when the linguistic disorder is also philosophically understood.
Autistic Disorder ; Child ; Humans ; Linguistics ; Logic

Books ; Language ; Linguistics ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Translations

In this paper, we investigate cross-platform interoperability for natural language processing (NLP) and, in particular, annotation of textual resources, with an eye toward identifying the design elements of annotation models and processes that are particularly problematic for, or amenable to, enabling seamless communication across different platforms. The study is conducted in the context of a specific annotation methodology, namely machine-assisted interactive annotation (also known as human-in-the-loop annotation). This methodology requires the ability to freely combine resources from different document repositories, access a wide array of NLP tools that automatically annotate corpora for various linguistic phenomena, and use a sophisticated annotation editor that enables interactive manual annotation coupled with on-the-fly machine learning. We consider three independently developed platforms, each of which utilizes a different model for representing annotations over text, and each of which performs a different role in the process.
Linguistics ; Machine Learning ; Natural Language Processing

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Mini-Sleep QuestionnaireeInsomnia in Korean college students. METHODS: A total of 470 students from six nursing colleges in South Korea participated in the study. The translation and linguistic validation of the Mini-Sleep Questionnaire-Insomnia was performed based on guidelines. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Perceived Stress Scale were used to validate the measure. Cronbach α, item-total correlation for internal consistency reliability and intraclass correlation coefficient for testeretest reliability were evaluated. Exploratory factor analysis for construct validity, Pearson's correlation with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Perceived Stress Scale for concurrent validity, and the receiver operating character curve for predictive validity were assessed. RESULTS: The 4-item Mini-Sleep QuestionnaireeInsomnia had a Cronbach α of .69 and the item-total correlations were higher than .30. Cronbach α increased to .73 if the item assessing the use of sleeping pills and tranquilizers was deleted. This item had marked skewness and kurtosis issues. Factor analysis indicated unidimensionality, explaining 53.0% of the total variance. The measure showed high testeretest reliability (i.e., intraclass correlation coefficient = .84), acceptable concurrent validity (r with the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index = .69; r with the Perceived Stress Scale = .31) and predictive validity [area under curve = .85; 95% confidence interval (0.81, 0.90)]. CONCLUSION: The Mini-Sleep QuestionnaireeInsomnia showed acceptable reliability and validity. Yet, the limited distribution in sleep medications warrants further evaluations in the clinical population.
Humans ; Korea ; Linguistics ; Nursing ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sleep Wake Disorders

PURPOSE: With the aim of objectively assessing the symptoms' severity and treatment outcomes of urinary incontinence in the Korean population, the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) instrument was translated into Korean, with subsequent linguistic validation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 2002 and December 2002, two bilinguists independently translated the original English version of the KHQ into written Korean. A panel consisting of the aforementioned translators and three authors (SJO, HGP and SHP) reviewed the translations to form a single reconciled forward translation of the Korean version. Another bilingual translator, who had never seen the original KHQ, translated the draft Korean version of the KHQ back into English and subsequently assessed for equivalence to the original. Discrepancies between the original English form and the first draft Korean translation were reviewed by the panel. Cognitive debriefing interviews with five incontinent patients were performed to test the interpretation of the translation. A summary of the changes from the patient interviews were then reflected in the final Korean version. The document was finally proofread to check the spelling, grammar, layout and formatting. RESULTS: The multi-step process of forward translation, reconciliation, back-translation, cognitive debriefing and proofreading of the Korean version of the KHQ was completed. Conclusions: Translation and linguistic validation of the Korean version of the KHQ instrument were completed. Further tests for its psychometric performance will be required.
Humans ; Linguistics* ; Psychometrics ; Surveys and Questionnaires* ; Translations ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urination