No abstract available.
Linguistics*

There were many problems related to the regulations of speech and writing, words, meanings, sentences, expressions and paragraphs in the textbooks and papers of the neuropsychiatric community. The Korean orthography, particularly spacing words, the rules of spelling loan word and romanization of Korean were often violated in those literatures. In the aspects of words and meanings, the cases with inappropriate selection of words and vagueness in the sentential meanings were found. Especially, redundant expressions, overuse of the foreign languages and loan words, and unnecessary causative expressions were often found. And also omissions of indispensable constituents, disagreements among the constituents, inappropriate connections occurred in the sentences. The expressions were unnatural because of the overuse of noun phrases and metaphrastic styles, also there were many paragraphs lacking of unity, closeness, and completeness. These problems cause the difficulties in understanding the contents of the writing and deteriorate the credibility of the writing, so the author should improve his abilities to understand and use properly Korean language.
Linguistics* ; Social Control, Formal ; Writing

Reconstruction of the infantile process of acquiring a language shows that in order to initially develop the object scheme, children must have an ability to maintain the intensity of their sensory stimulation and their own sense of synaesthesia. Such a somatic condition concedes children to acquire the object scheme from her/his subjective perspective. This becomes likely through the symptomatic relation that is made when children partition the undifferentiated senses as a whole. The next significant step in acquisition of a language is that children should synchronize their own object scheme with that of the existing language community; this sensible phenomenon requires mutual role change and change of perspective by children. In addition, autism research holds a significant meaning not only as a psychiatric study but also as a sound philosophical investigation. In particular, the logical reconstruction of language acquisition is used be restricted to normal linguistic condition and this attempt only explains half of the entire study of development of language. The logical reconstruction of language acquisition can be faultless only when the linguistic disorder is also philosophically understood.
Autistic Disorder ; Child ; Humans ; Linguistics ; Logic

PURPOSE: We aimed to translate the Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control in Kids (TRACK) instrument into Korean, with subsequent linguistic validation. METHODS: The multistep process of forward translation, reconciliation, back-translation, cognitive debriefing, and proofreading of the Korean version of the TRACK was completed. RESULTS: Two bilingual medical personnel independently translated the original English version of the TRACK into Korean one. After moderating the translation into a single reconciled one, 4 other bilingual persons were invited to translate the Korean draft back into an English one. Discrepancies between the original English version and the back-translated one were reviewed, and the need to modify the reconciled Korean draft was discussed. Twenty caregivers of asthmatic children took part in interviews that examine the appropriateness of the Korean version of the TRACK. The feedback from caregivers were then reviewed by a panel of pediatric allergists and reflected in the final Korean version. The document was finally proofread to check the spelling, grammar, layout and formatting. CONCLUSION: Translation and linguistic validation of the Korean version of the TRACK instrument were completed.
Asthma* ; Caregivers ; Child ; Humans ; Linguistics* ; Translations

OBJECTIVES: Auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) is knoun for its high prevalence and difficulty in evaluation. Authors hypothesized that it may be possible to find useful dimensions of AVH that reflect the clinical status of schizophrenic patients by assessing the multi-dimensional changes and linguistic forms' of AVH during antipsychotic treatment. METHODS: 33 schizophrenic patients with AVH were selected and periodically assessed with the 11 items of hallucinations subscale of 'The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS)'. In addition, to assess the linguistic forms observed in the AVH, the evaluations of sentence structure of AVH reported by the patients were conducted. RESULTS: PSYRATS showed the multidimensionality inherent in AVH. The changes in the quantitative dimensions did not correlate well with patients' subjective distress. However, qualitative changes in the cognitive and emotional dimensions showed more favorable correlation with clinical course of the patient. The sentence structures of AVH showed tendency to change from "sentence" to "non-sentence" type with overall improvement during treatment. CONCLUSION: Multi-dimensional approach to AVH can give us more information about the changing patterns of multi-faceted structure of AVH and clinical status of patients than one-dimensional or categorical approach.
Hallucinations* ; Humans ; Linguistics ; Prevalence ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: Auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) is knoun for its high prevalence and difficulty in evaluation. Authors hypothesized that it may be possible to find useful dimensions of AVH that reflect the clinical status of schizophrenic patients by assessing the multi-dimensional changes and linguistic forms' of AVH during antipsychotic treatment. METHODS: 33 schizophrenic patients with AVH were selected and periodically assessed with the 11 items of hallucinations subscale of 'The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS)'. In addition, to assess the linguistic forms observed in the AVH, the evaluations of sentence structure of AVH reported by the patients were conducted. RESULTS: PSYRATS showed the multidimensionality inherent in AVH. The changes in the quantitative dimensions did not correlate well with patients' subjective distress. However, qualitative changes in the cognitive and emotional dimensions showed more favorable correlation with clinical course of the patient. The sentence structures of AVH showed tendency to change from "sentence" to "non-sentence" type with overall improvement during treatment. CONCLUSION: Multi-dimensional approach to AVH can give us more information about the changing patterns of multi-faceted structure of AVH and clinical status of patients than one-dimensional or categorical approach.
Hallucinations* ; Humans ; Linguistics ; Prevalence ; Weights and Measures

Books ; Language ; Linguistics ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Translations

In this paper, we investigate cross-platform interoperability for natural language processing (NLP) and, in particular, annotation of textual resources, with an eye toward identifying the design elements of annotation models and processes that are particularly problematic for, or amenable to, enabling seamless communication across different platforms. The study is conducted in the context of a specific annotation methodology, namely machine-assisted interactive annotation (also known as human-in-the-loop annotation). This methodology requires the ability to freely combine resources from different document repositories, access a wide array of NLP tools that automatically annotate corpora for various linguistic phenomena, and use a sophisticated annotation editor that enables interactive manual annotation coupled with on-the-fly machine learning. We consider three independently developed platforms, each of which utilizes a different model for representing annotations over text, and each of which performs a different role in the process.
Linguistics ; Machine Learning ; Natural Language Processing

PURPOSE: This study reports the development of the Korean Version of the Treatment Satisfaction Visual Analogue Scale (TS-VAS) and the Overactive Bladder Satisfaction with Treatment Questionnaire (OAB-SAT-q) based on the original versions, with subsequent linguistic validation by Korean patients with overactive bladder receiving active treatment from a physician. METHODS: Translation and linguistic validation were performed in 2016. The validation process included permission for translation, forward translation, reconciliation, backward translation, cognitive debriefing, and proofreading. The original versions of the TS-VAS and OAB-SAT-q were independently translated into Korean by 2 bilingual translators and were then reconciled into a single version. The third bilingual translator performed a backward translation of the reconciled version into English. A trained interviewer and 5 Korean-speaking patients with OAB carried out the cognitive debriefing. RESULTS: During the forward translation process, the terms used in the 2 questionnaires were adjusted to use more appropriate expressions in the Korean language than were used in the original versions. During the backward translation process, no changes were made in terms of semantic equivalence. In the cognitive debriefing session, 5 patients were asked to fill in the answers within 8 minutes; most of them reported that the translated questions were clear and easy to understand. CONCLUSIONS: The present study presents successful linguistic validation of the Korean version of the TS-VAS and OAB-SAT-q, which could be useful tools for evaluating treatment satisfaction in patients.
Humans ; Linguistics* ; Patient Satisfaction ; Semantics ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive*

PURPOSE: The Danish Prostate Symptom Score (DAN-PSS) is known to be a good tool for evaluating the voiding symptoms and sexual life stati in the treatment of BPH. Recently, linguistic translations into Korean have been performed with validity and reliability tests. The DAN-PSS is composed of 24 questionnaires on voiding symptom and 6 on sexual function stati. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An urologist and special translators participated in the translation of the DAN-PSS into Korean. The validity and reliability of the questions on the sexual stati of the Korean DAN-PSS were tested. A total of sixty-nine men, aged from 41 to 69, who visited out institute for voiding problems, and diagnosed with BPH, were included for the questionnaires. They all replied to the Korean DAN-PSS questionnaires within 48 hours after completing the DAN-PSS questionnaires. A further forty-seven men replied twice to the Korean DAN-PSS, at 2 weeks interval. Both the validity and the reliability of the Korean DAN-PSS were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the DAN-PSS and its Korean version (p>0.05). Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in the 2 sets of answers for the Korean version of the DAN-PSS at 2 week interval (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The translation of the DAN-PSS into Korean was valid and reliable. The Korean DAN-PSS is as a good a tool as the DAN-PSS in the evaluatione of sexual life stati.
Humans ; Linguistics ; Male ; Prostate ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Translations