As a novel post-translational modification(PTM),lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation(Khib)is considered to regulate gene transcriptional activities in eukaryotic cells;however,the functions of Khib-modified proteins in plants remain unknown.Here,we report that Khib is an evolutionarily-conserved PTM in wheat and its progenitors.A total of 3348 Khib sites on 1074 proteins are iden-tified in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)by using affinity purification and mass spectroscopy of 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome.Bioinformatic data indicate that Khib-modified proteins participate in a wide variety of biological and metabolic pathways.Immunoprecipitation confirms that Khib-modified proteins are present endogenously.A comparison of Khib and other main PTMs shows that Khib-modified proteins are simultaneously modified by multiple PTMs.Using mutagenesis experiments and co-immunoprecipitation assays,we demonstrate that Khib on K206 of phospho-glycerate kinase(PGK)is a key regulatory modification for its enzymatic activity,and mutation on K206 affects the interactions of PGK with its substrates.Furthermore,Khib modification of low-molecular-weight proteins is a response to the deacetylase inhibitors nicotinamide and tricho-statin.This study provides evidence to promote our current understanding of Khib in wheat plants,including the cooperation between Khib and its metabolic regulation.

Inflammation is involved in the development of various acute and chronic diseases in the body. Sustained inflammatory responses are key driving factors for diseases such as cancer， neurodegenerative diseases， cardiovascular diseases， metabolic syndrome， inflammatory bowel disease， and arthritis. Therefore， finding anti-inflammatory drugs is crucial for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In recent years， there has been increasing attention to finding natural drugs with minimal toxic side effects. Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos， as traditional Chinese medicines potent in clearing heat and removing toxins， have strong biological activity and multiple pharmacological effects. They are widely distributed in the plant world and have significant medicinal value. With the continuous advancement of the research on Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos， they have been widely used in the medical field and possess great development potential. Currently， research mainly focuses on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos， while systematic summaries of their anti-inflammatory active ingredients are rare. Therefore， this paper focuses on the differential analysis of the anti-inflammatory active components of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos. In addition， it reviewed the possible mechanisms by which extracts and active ingredients of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos may exert anti-inflammatory effects through various pathways， such as influencing the release of cellular inflammatory factors， regulating inflammatory signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）， MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK）/c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/NF-κB， and Janus kinase （JAK）/signal transducer and activator of transcription （STAT） signaling pathways， increasing antioxidant stress capacity， enhancing immune defense capabilities， and improving intestinal microbiota， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the rational clinical application of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos.