Objective:To investigate the difference of amplitude and duration in submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles activities during pharyngeal swallowing between normal adults and post-stroke dysphagia by using surface electromyography technique and analysis system.Method:The clinical data from 30 cases of PSD and 30 healthy controls were collected.ME6000-T8-type sEMG machine was used to collect sEMG of two groups in resting state,saliva swallow and wet swallow,and therefore calculate the average amplitude and duration.Result:①In resting state:there were no statistical difference in the average amplitude of submental and infrahyoid muscles between PSD group and control group(P＞0.05);In PSD group:statistical differences were not observed in the amplitude between submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles;In control group:there were no statistical difference in the average amplitude between submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles;②During dry swallowing:the results indicated that the average amplitude of submental and infrahyoid muscles in PSD group were significantly lower than that in control group;and the duration of submental and infrahyoid muscles was significantly lower with statistical difference(P＜0.05).③During wet swallowing(swallowing5ml water):the average amplitude of submental and infrahyoid muscles in control group were significantly higher than that in PSD group(P＜0.005);and the duration of submental and infrahyoid muscles were also significantly prolonger (P＜0.001);④Intra-group comparison:statistically differences were not observed in the amplitude and duration between submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles for both PSD group and control group(P＞0.05).Conclusion:sEMG could be used as a non-invasive、simple、rapid tool in detecting the sEMG activities of related muscles during pharyngeal swallowing.The average amplitude and duration of submental and infrahyoid muscles can not only preliminarily screen and evaluate swallowing function,but also reflect the complexity and the elevation persistence time of the hyoid bone and the larynx in elevation movement,which were used to evaluate the neuromuscular function and predict the risk of aspiration of patients.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the average amplitude of swallowing-related muscles during pharyngeal swallowing and age and swallow model of healthy adults in different age groups.Methods A total of 200 healthy adults were recruited and divided into 4 age groups:group A (18 ～ 30 years old,n =59),group B (30～50 years old,n=50),group C (50 ～70 years old,n=49) and group D (70 years old,n=40).Surface electromyography was used to acquired the average amplitude of electrical activity of the muscles during three swallow models:resting state,voluntary single swallows of saliva (dry swallowing),voluntary single swallows of 5 ml water at once(wet swallowing)and voluntary single swallows 20 ml water at once.The mean value of the average amplitude of normal adults of different ages were calculated and analyzed.Results ①Intergroup comparison showed no difference in the average amplitude of submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles among the 4 age groups (P ＞ 0.05) in all the three swallowing models ;②Intra-group comparison showed that,there were no statistical differences in the average amplitude of submental muscles among the three swallow models between groups A and B (P ＞ 0.05).In group C,there were no statistical differences between dry swallowing and wet swallowing of 5 ml of water in terms of the average amplitude of submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles during dry swallowing.(P ＞ 0.05),however,but there existed statistical differences in terms of the average amplitude of submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles,when comparing dry swallowing with voluntary single swallowing 20 ml water at once(P ＜ 0.05).The average amplitude of submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles during swallowing of 20 ml water were significantly higher than that during wet swallowing(P ＜0.05).In group D,there was no difference between drying swallow and wet swallowing(P ＞ 0.05)in terms of the mean sEMG amplitude of the muscles,but all lower than swallowing 20 ml of water,with a statistically significant differences(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The sEMG amplitude in swallowing-related muscles during pharyngeal swallowing is not related to age,but swallowing models.

Objective To investigate the application of strain rate imaging in quantitative assessment of left ventricular regional diastolic function after intracoronary stent implantation.Methods Fifty-six healthy person and 60 patients with coronary artery disease were performed quantitative assessment of left ventricular regional diastolic function by apical four chamber view,apical two chamber view and left ventricular long axis view before and after intracoronary stent implantation using strain rate imaging.Results Compared with those of normal myocardium,the peaks of strain rate curve at diastole of ischemic myocardium were reduced,and were increased after operation (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Intracoronary stent implantation can significantly improve the blood supply to the ischemia myocardium.Strain rate imaging can quantitatively analyze the changes of left ventricular regional diastolic function.

Objective To explore mechanism ( s) is dynamic expression and internal relations of c-kit gene and miR-21 in rat ventricular remodeling .Methods SD rats( n=140) were randomly divided into normal control group ( n=15 ) and heart failure model group ( n=125 ) .Heart failure model:4 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of adria-mycin.To detect the cardiac function of rats in eight weeks , proving the heart failure .Then harvest the rat heart , frozen section , using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence color to detect the expression changes of miR-21 and c-kit in myocardial tissue .Results The emergence of the pathological changes of cardiac muscle cells after myocardial infarction in the heart failure groups and the control group didn't appear the myocardial infarction and heart failure .Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence show that miR-21 positive cells in normal and heart failure myocardium mainly express in vascular endothelium ,a few myocardial cells and stem cells , and endocardial expressing quantity fell more than epicardial;c-kit positive cells tend to cluster together , mainly gather in the epi-cardial and its nearby , and the expressing quantity decrease significantly after heart failure .A small number of cells exsit miR-21 and c-kit common expression in both groups ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusions The decreased expression of c-kit and miR-21 is highly related to rats heart failure and left ventricular remodeling .

Objective: To examine the effects of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S ( BPS ), bisphenol F ( BPF ) and bisphenol AF ( BPAF ) on the proliferation and oxidative stress of BRL 3A rat liver cells, and to preliminarily evaluate their mutagenicities. Methods: In vitro cultured BRL 3A rat liver cells were treated with BPA, BPS, BPF and BPAF at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μmol/L for 48 h, respectively. Then, the cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration ( IC50 ) was calculated. The minimum inhibitory concentration for BRL 3A cell proliferation was screened, and the intracellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) was measured in BRL 3A cells using the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate ( DCFH-DA ) assay. In addition, the effects of BPA, BPS, BPF and BPAF at concentrations of 1 000, 200, 40, 8 and 1.6 μg/plate on the mutant colonies of histidine-deficient Salmonella typhimurium ( TA1535, TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 ) were tested using the Ames test. Results: Treatment with BPA and BPF at concentrations of 100 to 200 μmol/L and with BPAF at concentrations of 25 to 200 μmol/L inhibited BRL 3A cell survival at a concentration-dependent manner, while exposure to BPS at concentrations of 5 to 200 μmol/L resulted in no changes in BRL 3A cell survival. The IC50 values of BPA, BPS, BPF and BPAF were 131.7, >200, 187.5 and 21.6 μmol/L against BRL 3A cells, respectively. Treatment with BPS at 100 μmol/L or BPAF at 25 μmol/L caused no significant changes in the ROS level; however, exposure to BPA at 100 μmol/L and BPF at 100 μmol/L significantly increased the ROS level. Ames test showed that BPA, BPS, BPF and BPAF did not induce mutagenicity in TA1535, TA97a, TA98, TA100 or TA102 strains. Conclusions BPAF shows the highest cytotoxicity to BRL 3A cells, and low-concentration exposure to BPS has few effects on BRL 3A cells. The cytotoxicity of bisphenols against BRL 3A cells may be associated with the induction of oxidative stress. None of the four bisphenols show mutagenic effects under the present experimental conditions.

Objective To compare and analyze different factors that influence hypertension between subjects with and without gout, and to recognize and understand them further. Methods A total of 7395 patients ( 6935 males and 460 females) from the gout clinic of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between May 2009 and January 2016 were chosen as gout group, while 8379 people without gout (7858 males and 521 females) were served as control group. The height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose ( FPG) , triglyceride(TG), cholesterol(TC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine(Cr), and uric acid (UA) of both groups were monitored. Clinical and biochemical differences of the two groups were analyzed. The morbidity rate of hypertension in the two groups was also compared. According to different criteria, the subjects were divided into several subgroups. The data were analyzed mainly by Empower statistical software. Results The risk ratio of hypertension in gout group was 63. 25%, and it was higher than that in control group(49. 19%,x2=316. 25,P<0. 01). The risk ratio of hypertension in gout group was 1. 173 times higher than that in control group. After adjusting UA, it would drop to 1. 065 times, but the difference still remained significant. In groups with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, the risk ratio of hypertension increased by 13. 7%, 15. 3%, 21. 8%, and 23. 6% respectively, in gout group. FPG, TG, TC, BMI, and WHR were all associated with HP in both gout and normal groups, but Cr was associated with HP in gout group only(OR=1. 396, 95%CI 1. 197-1. 629). Age had different saturation effects in two groups. Conclusion The factors influence hypertension differently in patients with and without gout, especially those of gout itself and creatinine. The precision medicine should be applied.

Objective　To investigate the relationship between multidrug resistance(MDR) and chemotherapy and the possibility of P-gp as a clinical prognostic indicator. Methods　P-gp, MDR1 gene product, was detected in 66 cases of relapsed lung cancer patients after chemotherapy and 131 lung cancer patients with no prior chemotherapy by immunohistochemistry. Results　The expressive level of P-gp in relapsed group after chemotherapy was much higher than that of non-chemotherapy group (P＜0.05). A significant difference of P-gp expression existed between before and after chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma and SCLC (P＜0.05), but not for adenocarcinoma. In non-chemotherapy group, lung cancer tissues with different histological types had different P-gp positive rates, which were adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and SCLC in sequence from high to low (P＜0.05). In relapsed group after chemotherapy, there was no significant difference among the three types of lung cancer (P＞0.05). P-gp positive group had a significantly lower 3-year survival rate than negative group (P＜0.05). Conclusion　Chemotherapy may increase the incident rate of MDR in lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma is mainly primary MDR while SCLC and squamous cell carcinoma are mainly secondary to chemotherapy. P-gp expressive level can be used as a common clinical indicator for prognosis and chemotherapy in the patients with lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Fibrin glue has been demonstrated to function as a kind of biomaterial with high quality. It has been used in nerve tissue engineering and proved to be a kind of scaffold for some cells.OBJECTIVE: To explore the biocompatibility of fibrin glue and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs).DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: An in vitro control trial based on cytology was performed at the Institute of Neurobiology,Nantong University from August 2007 to February 2008.MATERIALS: Fibrin glue was made of fibrin and catalyst, and OECs derived from rats' olfactory bulb were normally primary-cultured.METHODS: OECs were divided into control (OECs clone spheres were cultured alone) and in fibrin glue (OECs clone spheres were cultured and combined with fibrin glue) groups. After 1 week of culture, the proliferation of OECs were observed by convert microscope and detected by S-100 immunofluorescence histochemical staining.MAIN OUTCOME M EASURES: OECs morphology, cell count, the area of the cell bodies and the perimeter of the cell were determined.RESULTS: OECs could survive, migrate in fibrin glue, and float in the fibrin glue in the lower layer. After 7 days of incubation, cell body exhibited fusiform or triangle, predominantly bipolar or bipolar. The number of the S-100 positive cells was more, and cell bodies were larger in fibrin glue group than control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no obvious difference between two groups in cell perimeter (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Fibrin glue has good biocompatibility with OECs, and OECs can survive and migrate in fibrin glue.

Objective To examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and related factors among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shanghai.Methods All of the HIV-positive MSM were enrolled to participate in a cross-sectional study with questionnaire-based interview during Nov.,2014 to Nov.,2015.Depression was measured with a 12-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D),where a score of 9 had been recommended as the cutoff score to indicate possible depressive symptoms.Results A total of 505 participants were recruited with a median age of 30.Among them,the majority were aged 21-44 (77.2％),non-local resident (64.6％),unmarried (73.1 ％) and university graduate or above (62.1 ％).Depressive symptoms were detected from 235 MSM and the prevalence of depression was 46.5 ％.Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that MSM who were non-local residents (OR =1.66,95 ％ CI:1.01-2.49)and had more than one male sex partner in the past year (OR=2.21,95％ CI:1.43-3.41) were more likely to have depressive symptoms compared with local residents and had only one male sex partner or less.On the contrary,compared with the education level of junior middle school or below and having no long-term partners,those who were senior high school educated (OR=0.39,95％ CI:0.21-0.74) and had homosexual behavior with main long-term partners without condoms (OR =0.38,95 ％ CI:0.17-0.85) had lower risk to be depressive.Conelusions The prevalence of depressive symptoms among HIV-infected MSM is high.Residence,education level,homosexual behavior with main long-term partner and number of male sex partner are significantly associated with depressive symptoms,suggesting psychological interventions should be further explored and studied.

Organoids are tissue structures, generated from pluripotent stem cells and cultured in vitro, which form self-organize and recapitulate tissues with similar structure and function to the original organs. Organoids have similar appearance and function to the original tissues, and have been widely applied in basic research and clinical trial. At present, the organoids of liver, kidney, islet, brain, intestine and other organs have been successfully cultivated. The use of islet organoid is a hotspot in the field of organoid research. However, islet organoid is currently applied in basic research because rejection after organ transplantation and other issues remain unresolved. In this article, the origin, development and basic application of islet organoid were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the transformation from basic research of islet organoid into clinical application as well as the treatment of diabetes mellitus.