Objective: To compare the extraction efficiency of imperialine extracted with different solvents. Methods: The content of imperialine in the extracts was determined by thin layer chromatography scanning. Results: Among the methods suitable for alkaloid extraction, the solvent ether chloroform 95% ethanol (25∶8∶2.5) is the best for imperialine extraction. Conclusion: The imperialine extraction efficiency is greatly affected by the extraction solvent.

Objective:To systematically assess the efficacy and safety of acupuncture therapy for essential hypertension.Methods:A computerized literature search of the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Chongqing VIP Database(CQVIP),Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database(Wanfang),China Biology Medicine Disc(CBM),PubMed,Excerpta Medica Database(EMBASE),and Cochrane Library was conducted to retrieve randomized controlled clinical trials on acupuncture as the main intervention for the treatment of essential hypertension published from the inception of the database to 30 January 2021.The risk-of-bias assessment was carried out for each included study according to the Cochrane Handbook.Data analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.1 and Stata 15.0.Results:After the screening,46 randomized controlled trials involving a total of 3 859 subjects were included.Primary outcomes included changes in the diastolic blood pressure after intervention[eight studies showed that the acupuncture plus antihypertensive drug group was better than the antihypertensive drug monotherapy group[mean difference(MD)=1.45,95%confidence interval(CI)(0.48,2.43),P=0.004,fixed effects model;I2=39%]and changes in the systolic blood pressure after intervention{11 studies showed that the acupuncture plus antihypertensive drug group was better than the antihypertensive drug monotherapy group[MD=8.60,95%CI(7.12,10.07),P<0.00001,fixed effects model;I2=26%]}.The secondary outcome was antihypertensive efficacy,12 studies of acupuncture monotherapy group[risk ratio(RR)=1.20,95%CI(1.12,1.28),P<0.00001,fixed effects model;I2=36%]and 15 studies of acupuncture combined with antihypertensive drug group[RR=1.27,95%CI(1.20,1.34),P<0.00001,fixed effects model;I2=6%]showed better results than the antihypertensive drug monotherapy group in antihypertensive efficacy.In terms of the adverse events,four studies showed that the acupuncture monotherapy group had fewer adverse events than the antihypertensive drug monotherapy group[RR=0.10,95%CI(0.04,0.25),P<0.00001,fixed effects model;I2=0%].Conclusion:Acupuncture combined with antihypertensive drugs is superior to antihypertensive drugs alone in reducing blood pressure,and acupuncture therapy is effective and safe for the treatment of essential hypertension with fewer side effects.However,there is still a lack of high-quality multicenter randomized double-blinded controlled trials in this field.Rigorous large-sample clinical trials are needed to validate these findings.

Objective:To observe the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on interleukin(IL)-9/IL-9 receptor(IL-9R)in the colon tissue of rats with ulcerative colitis(UC)and investigate the protective mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion on the intestinal mucosal barrier in UC rats. Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control(NC)group and a modeling group.UC models were prepared by giving 4%dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)water for 7 d.After the successful construction of the UC rat model,the modeling group was randomly divided into a UC group,a herb-insulated moxibustion(HM)group,and an electroacupuncture(EA)group.HM and EA interventions at bilateral Tianshu(ST25)were performed once a day for 7 d.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the colon.The serum concentrations of IL-9,IL-6,IL-1β,and hemoglobin-H(HbH)were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The protein expression levels of IL-9,IL-9R,claudin-2,zonula occludens-1(ZO-1),and occludin in the colon tissue were measured by Western blotting or immuno-histochemistry.Immunofluorescence was used to detect the co-expression of PU.1 and CD4 with the IL-9 protein. Results:Compared with the NC group,the colon tissue of UC rats was severely damaged and ulcerated with congestion and edema,and the colonic histopathological score increased significantly(P<0.01).The serum HbH concentration decreased significantly(P<0.01),while the serum concentrations of IL-9,IL-6,and IL-1β increased(P<0.01).The protein expression of colonic ZO-1 and occludin decreased significantly(P<0.01),while the protein expression of colonic IL-9 and IL-9R increased(P<0.05).The positive co-expression levels of IL-9/PU.1 and IL-9/CD4 increased in the colon tissue(P<0.05).Compared with the UC group,the colonic mucosal structures were gradually repaired in both HM group and EA group,and healed ulcers could be observed,the colonic histopathological score decreased significantly(P<0.05).The serum concentration of HbH increased(P<0.01),while the serum concentrations of IL-9,IL-6,and IL-1β decreased(P<0.05).The protein expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin increased(P<0.05),while the protein expression levels of IL-9 and IL-9R decreased(P<0.01).The positive co-expression levels of IL-9/PU.1 and IL-9/CD4 decreased in the colon tissue(P<0.05). Conclusion:Both HM and EA can inhibit the protein expression levels of IL-9 and IL-9R in the UC colon by regulating the transcription factor PU.1,promote the repair of intestinal mucosal barrier,and down-regulate protein contents of proinflammatory factors IL-9,IL-6,and IL-1β in the serum,which may be one of the key mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion in reducing the inflammation of UC colonic mucosa and protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier.

Objective To study the different drying technology.on Wudang Lonicerae Flos (Ⅰ) in chlorogenic acid content.Methods Using HPLC method to research the difference in the contents of chlorogenic acid of Wudang Lonicerae Flos (Ⅰ) employing oven-drying method,air-dried method and steamed drying technologies.DIONEX C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) was used.The mobile phases consisted of acetonitrile-0.4％ phosphoric acid aqueous solution (17 ∶ 83).The detection wavelengths of chlorogenic acid was 327nm.The flow rate was 0.4 ml/min.The column temperature was 30 ℃.Results The Separation of Chlorogenic acid content was satisfactory.The concentration and peak area showed a good linearity relationship with the range of 0.285-2.850 μg.Precision,repeatability and stability met the requirements.The average recovery was 100.26％ with RSD 1.95％.Chlorogenic acid content in the steamed drying Wudang Honeysuckle (Ⅰ) was higher.Conclusions The method of steam drying is better than that of oven-drying method and drying.

Objective    To investigate the effects of telmisartan on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer A549 and the mechanism of regulating Wnt signaling pathway. Methods    Non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 was cultured in vitro. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect the effect of telmisartan at different concentrations on the proliferative activity of A549 cells. The survival fraction of A549 treated with different concentrations of telmisartan was determined by colony-formation assay. The effect of telmisartan at different concentrations on the migration ability of A549 cells was examined in the wounding healing assay. Hoechst staining was used to detect the effects of telmisartan at different concentrations on the apoptosis of A549. Western bloting was used to detect the expressions of β-actin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bax, Bcl-2, Wnt-3a, Beta-catenin (β-catenin), serine protein kinase 3β (p-GSK-3β), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and c-myc. Results    Different concentrations of telmisartan treatment inhibited the proliferation activity, colony-formation rate and migration of A549 cells, and reduced the expression of PCNA in a concentration-dependent manner. Telmisartan treatment promoted the apoptosis of A549 cells, significantly increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. The expression levels of Wnt-3a, β-catenin, p-GSK-3β, and c-myc in A549 cells increased after treatment with telmisartan, while the expression levels of GSK-3β decreased. Conclusion    Telmisartan may play a role in the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells, and  inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may be one of the mechanisms.

OBJECTIVETo study resistance evolution pathway of HIV-1 CRF_BC under drug selection pressure, and compare with B subtype.

METHODSBased on the reverse transcriptase region of CRF_ 97BC HIV-1 from 588 treatment-naive and 274 treatment patients, selection pressure based method was used to select resistance-associated mutations, and Bayesian network was used to construct the resistance evolutionary pathway under antiretroviral therapy. Meanwhile, it was constructed that the resistance evolutionary pathway for B subtype with the same regimens using the data from HIV resistance database, and made a comparison with CRF_07BC.

RESULTSThe major resistance mutations for CRF_07BC were identified including K103N, Q197K, V179D and Y188L. While for B subtype, the major resistance mutations include M184V, K103N,Y181C, T69N,G190A, K238T,Y188H and P225H. Much difference was observed between these two classes. However, the classical TMA1 (41L, 210W and 215Y) and TMA2 (67N, 70R and 219E/Q) pathways exist in both pathways. As different from B subtype, the predicted major drug resistance mutations for CRF_07BC did not contain TAM-related mutations, and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-related mutations and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-related mutations were mutually depending on each other.

CONCLUSIONHIV-1 CRF_07BC showed distinctive resistance evolutionary pathway, the mutations K103N,Q197K,V179D and Y188L were the major resistance mutations, and different resistance evolutionary pathways were observed between HIV-1 CRF_07BC and B subtype.

Anti-HIV Agents ; pharmacology ; Bayes Theorem ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; HIV-1 ; drug effects ; enzymology ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ; genetics