0.05).Con- clusion It is a feasible way for infants to fast in solid diet 6 hours and liquid 2 hours before operation in order to re- duce indisposition of infants and meet the need of operation.

Tripterygium wilfordii has exihibited multiple pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, immune modulation, anti-tumor and anti-fertility. T. wilfordii have been used for the therapy of inflammation and autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, immune complex nephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus clinically. However, it is well known that T. wilfordii has small margin between the therapeutic and toxic doses and could cause serious injury on digestive, reproductive and urogenital systems. Among all the organs, liver is one of the most remarkable targets of T. wilfordii-induced toxicities, and the damage is more serious than others. It is generally accepted that T. wilfordii-induced liver injury is a result of the combined effects of toxic elements of T. wilfordii. It is reported in several studies that the mechanism of T. wilfordii-induced liver injury may be related to lipid peroxidation, cell apoptosis and immune damage, and so on. Licorice is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, with effects of heat- clearing and detoxicating, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective, reconciling various drugs, and so on. Licorice often accompany T. wilfordii in clinical application which can significantly reduce the liver injury induced by T. wilfordii. The attenuated effect is exact, but the mechanism is still a lack of in-depth study. This paper reviews the studies on T. wilfordii-induced liver injury and the related mechanism as well as licorice and other traditional Chinese medicine accompany T. wilfordii to reduce the injury in recent years, so as to provide reference for related research in the future.
Animals ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Glycyrrhiza ; Humans ; Inactivation, Metabolic ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Tripterygium

This study aimed to investigate the transport characteristics of aripiprazole. A human intestinal epithelial cell model Caco-2 cell in vitro cultured had been applied to study the transport of aripiprazole. The effects of time, concentration of donor solutions, pH, temperature and P-glycoprotein inhibitor on the transport of aripiprazole were investigated. The determination of aripiprazole was performed by HPLC. It is concluded that aripiprazole is transported through the intestinal mucosa via a passive diffusion mechanism primarily, coexisting with a carrier-mediated transport. The transport of aripiprazole is positively correlated to transport time, pH, and temperature. Papp increased with donor concentrations up to 10 microg x mL(-1), and then decreased for higher concentrations. The P-glycoprotein inhibitor cyclosporine A significantly enhanced the transport amount of aripiprazole.
ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Antipsychotic Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Aripiprazole ; Biological Transport ; drug effects ; Caco-2 Cells ; Cyclosporine ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Piperazines ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Quinolones ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Temperature ; Time Factors

Burn patients often suffer from different degrees of dysfunction, such as residual burn wounds, formation of hyperplastic scar, scar itching, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, limitation of motion, and psychological disorders, which exert severe impact on their daily life. This article reviews various rehabilitation treatments for dysfunction after burn injury to promote rehabilitation of burn patients.
Burns ; physiopathology ; rehabilitation ; China ; Humans ; Rehabilitation ; methods

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family B ; genetics ; Cholestasis, Intrahepatic ; classification ; genetics ; Humans

AIMTo study the kinetics of uptake, transepithelial transport and efflux of 9-nitrocamptothecin (9-NC).

METHODSA human intestinal epithelial cell model Caco-2 cell in vitro cultured had been applied to study the kinetics of uptake, transport and efflux kinetics of 9-NC at small intestine. The effects of time, pH, temperature and P-glycoprotein inhibitors on the uptake of 9-NC were investigated. The determination of 9-NC was performed by HPLC.

RESULTSThe uptake and absorption of 9-NC were passive diffusion as the dominating process. The uptake of 9-NC is positively correlated to uptake time, and negatively correlated to pH and temperature. The inhibitors, cyclosporine A and verapamil, significantly enhanced the uptake amount of 9-NC (P < 0.05). P(app) of Basolateral to Apical was much more than that of Apical to Basolateral (2.6-6.9 fold). The efflux of 9-NC was fitted to apparent two-order process. The m0 [(148.0 +/- 2.2) pmol x cm(-2)] and the efflux rate (41.1 pmol x cm2 min(-1)) on Apical side were higher than the m0 [(121 +/- 7) pmol x cm(-2)] (P < 0.05) and the efflux rate (29.2 pmol x cm2 x min(-1)) on Basolateral side (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe uptake and absorption of 9-NC were passive diffusion as the dominating process. P-glycoprotein had strong efflux effects on the uptake and transepithelial transport of 9-NC.

ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacokinetics ; Biological Transport ; Caco-2 Cells ; metabolism ; Camptothecin ; analogs & derivatives ; antagonists & inhibitors ; pharmacokinetics ; Cyclosporine ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Temperature ; Verapamil ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo purify caffeic acid tetramer (CAT) with macroporous resin on the basis of its fundamental physicochemical stability research.

METHODThe changes of CAT content were compared by HPLC method before and after the purification process, or while other conditions were altered.

RESULTLK001 was the best one among 7 kinds of macroporous resin in regard of purifying ability. The optimum absorbing technology was the solution concentration at 10 g x L(-1), pH at 4.5, and the flow rate at 3 BV x h(-1). The best eluting technology was 45% ethanol as eluting agent, pH at 5.0, eluting volume at 50 mL after applying super-purified water and 20% ethanol. The yield of product was 3. 6 percent, and the active compound CAT was 58 percent in the product.

CONCLUSIONMacroporous resin LK001 is effective in enriching CAT from the crude extracts, thus this method of purification is advisable.

Absorption ; Boraginaceae ; chemistry ; Caffeic Acids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Light ; Oxygen ; chemistry ; Porosity ; Resins, Plant ; chemistry ; Temperature ; Water ; chemistry

Antineoplastic Agents ; chemistry ; Capillary Electrochromatography ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drug Interactions ; Electrophoresis, Capillary ; methods ; trends ; Electrophoresis, Microchip ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics ; Platinum ; chemistry ; Stereoisomerism

Objective To investigate the distribution status of coal-burning fluorosis (endemic fluorosis) areas in Luoyang and to provide scientifc evidence for making strategies in prevention and control. Methods In 2006, a household per village was chosen to carry the general survey so as of disease condition, living habits and housing structure among 941 coal-burning pollution fluorine sickness natural villages in Yanshi, Mengjin, Xin'an, Luanchuan counties and Geely area which were under the jurisdiction of Luoyang. In the general survey, the sampled village having a population of more than 500 person was considered as a major survey village, and water fluoride, 8 - 12 year-old child fluorine spot on tooth and the urinary fluoride were surveyed. Water fluoride and the child urinary fluoride determination used the fluoride ion selective electrode method, and the children's dental fluorosis used Dean method. Results The endemic fluorosis of Luoyang existed 742 in endemic fluomsis villages, compared with history, a decrease of 199 in number. Ninety-six point seven per cent( 142 543/147 419) of the households were consuming smoke-free coal. Households using intact kitchens accounted for 93.6%( 137 919/147 419). Of which 63.0%(86 889/137 919) of kitchens were mixed up with bedrooms. Total 125 060 people were using coal- fired furnace for heating, of which 87.8%(109 802/125 060) had smoke-free facilities, 12.2%(15 258/125 060) had none. Among 52 endemic villages with population of more than 500 people surveyed, a total of 183 water samples were collected, 2 had water fluoride exceeding 1.0 rag/L, the highest water fluoride being 1.04 rag/L, averaging 0.39 mg/L Sixteen villages had a prevalence rate of dental fluorosis for children less than 30.00%, accounting for 30.8% (16/52), 36 endemic villages the prevalence of dental fluorosis detection rate of more than 30.00%, accounting for 69.2%(36/52). Twenty-thrce villages had a dental fluorosis index greater than 0.6, severe dental fluorosis was not found. Real-time measurement of 1408 urine samples of children aged 8 - 12 showed that urine fluoride highest value 6.88 nag/L, the minimum value of 0.10 mg/L, geometric mean 1.10 mg/L. The prevalence rate of dental fluorosis for children was 36.06%. Conclusions In Luoyang city, numbers of coal-burning endemic fluorosis villages are less than before, children's dental fluorosis has significantly declined, however some people still use kitchens connecting with bedrooms and lack smoke-free facilities, they need to be educated to change lifestyle and improve furnace to reduce soot fluoride pollution.

Objective To compare the complete ablation rate of radiofrequency (RF) ablation and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in the treatment of uterine ifbroids with different blood supply. Methods One hundred and ten patients with 146 uterine ifbroids in Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University from January 2009 to December were randomly divided into two groups and treated with HIFU or RF respectively. Each group had 55 patients. All patients were examined by color Doppler lfow imaging before the treatment. The blood supply of ifbroids were semi-quantitatively classiifed into three grades including G1, G2 and G3. The HIFU group had 15 patients with 20 ifbroids in which blood supply was G1, had 32 patients with 38 ifbroids in which blood supply was G2, and had 8 patients with 10 ifbroids in which blood supply was G3. The RF group had 14 patients with 18 ifbroids in which blood supply was G1, had 31 patients with 42 ifbroids in which blood supply was G2, and had 10 patients with 18 ifbroids in which blood supply was G3. The complete ablation rates of the two treatments were evaluated by contrast-enhanced ultrasound one week before and after treatments. Fibroids which had no contrast agent perfusion and smooth boundary were completely ablated. Statistical analyses were used to compare the complete ablation rates and postoperative complications rates of these two methods. Results When ifbroid′s blood supply was G1, the complete ablation rate was 80.0%(16/20) and 88.9%(16/18) in HIFU and RF group, respectively. The difference was not statistically signiifcant (χ2=0.563, P>0.05). When ifbroid′s blood supply was G2 and G3, the complete ablation rate in HIFU and RF group was 90.5%(38/42) vs 55.3%(21/38) and 72.2% (13/18) vs 20.0% (2/10), respectively. There was statistically difference between these two groups (χ2 =12.778, P < 0.05;χ2=7.049, P < 0.05, respectively). Postoperative complications included fever, abdominal pain, pelvic effusion and vaginal discharge and unilateral lower limb numbness. The incidence of complications was lower in HIFU group than that in RF group, which was 9.1%(5/55) and 27.3%(15/55) respectively, This difference was statistically signiifcant (χ2=6.111, P<0.05). Conclusions HIFU and RF are both effective in treating uterine ifbroids with few blood supply. However, RF can be more effective than HIFU in treating hypervascular ifbroids. Therefore, RF might be able to apply to majority of the ifbroids. As a non-invasive therapy, HIFU is more suitable for hypovascular ifbroids and could be the ifrst therapy in clinic.