Objective To explore the differential proteins between livers of control and brain dead grups,and to provide an experimental basis for the assessment of liver quality in brain dead rabbits.Methods 60 healthy male New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups.The brain dead group (n=30) contained rabbits 2 hours (B1),6 hours (B2),and 8 hours(B3) after brain death.The sham group (n=30) contained groups of 2 hours (C1),6 hours (C2),and 8 hours (C3).At the end of the relevant experiments,blood samples and liver tissues were collected.The level of ALT and AST were determined by an automatic biochemistry analyzer and the morphologic changes of the livers were detected by HE staining.The differentially expressed proteins were screened and identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,PDQuest software,matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry,and the NCBI database.Results In 8 hour brain dead group,the level of ALT increased comparing with 6 h (P＜0.05),but there was no significant statistical difference in the other groups.Under real time observation with the light microscope,the livers of the brain dead groups had increased edema and infiltration of lymphocytes in the portal area,especially in the 8 hour group.However,infiltration of neutrophils also appeared in the 8 hour control group and all groups had no damage in the liver cell.There were 10 kinds of differentially expressed proteins through the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,mass spectrometry analysis,and database query.One protein of interest was ALDH2,which showed a gradually decreasing expression in the liver when the braid dead time increased.Conclusion Brain death could lead to no damage of liver function and little damage to liver morphology.The identified protein ALDH2 may be related with liver injury after brain death and could be a new indicator in the assessment of liver quality in brain dead rabbits.

Objective To explore the way to establish the brain death model for rabbits and pathophysiological changes before and after brain death.Methods 80 healthy male New Zealand rabbits were divided into brain death group (n =60) and sham operation group (n =20),The 60 brain death rabbits were established by increasing intracranial pressure in a modified,slow,and intermittent way.The sham operation rabbits were only maintained with anesthesia.Results The 56 brain death rabbits were established successfully and maintained for 10 h with the respiration and circulation supports.2 rabbits died due to anesthetic accident,the other 2 died because of improper pressure.The surgical success rate is 93.3％ (56/60).The changes of mean artery pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in brain death group were more significant than in sham operation group:MAP and HR fluctuated and showed the increased tendency.The mean MAP and HR during increasing intracranial pressure were (400.24±18.36) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) and (258.00 ± 25.70) beats/min respectively,which was significantly higher than before and after increasing intracranial pressure (P＜0.05).Conclusions The brain death model for rabbits could be established by increasing intracranial pressure in a modified,slow,and intermittent way successfully and maintained 10 h.the MAP and HR before and after brain death showed characteristic changes.The model is helpful to the further observation of organ changes in brain dead state.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of infrared radiation and magnetic fields on the synovitis of rabbit with experimental knee osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsTwenty-four New Zealand grown rabbits were duplicated for OA model of the knee by extended fixation technique, and after 6 weeks, all rabbits were unchained from fixation. The rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: control group (no treatment), infrared group (treated with infrared radiation ), magnet-therapy group (treated with magnetic fields ) and the combined therapy group (treated with infrared radiation and magnetic fields). At the ends of the first, second and third week after treatment, 2 rabbits in each group were taken to measure the general change and histopathology of their synovium.ResultsCompared with other groups, the severity of synovitis (include the synovium line cells proliferation, the invading of granulation and blood vessels in the underlayer of synovium, the infiltration of inflammatory cells) declined significantly in combined therapy group. Scores of Ayral's index of combined group were significantly lower than other groups ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between infrared group and magnet-therapy group ( P>0.05).ConclusionThe combination of infrared radiation and magnetic fields can efficiently suppress the synovitis of OA and alleviate the tissue's destructions.

Biliary complication (BC) after liver transplantation has attracted increased attention from a clinical and research perspective.BC,which affects the long-term outcome of the liver transplant,includes diseases of biliary stricture,biliary obstruction,biliary fistula,and many more that need an operation or interventional therapy.The occurrence of these diseases is related to the surgical operation,biliary tract variation,vessel injury,and quality of the donor graft.This article reviews BC and its etiology,diagnosis,and therapy in order to help future clinical and experimental studies.

Objective To compare the outcome of donation after cardiac death (DCD) versus donation after brain death (DBD) for liver transplantation.Method Such databases as PubMed,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL),EMbase,the ISI Web of Knowledge databases and CBMdisk were searched from Month 1990 to March 2011 for collecting the randomized controlled trials (RCTs),case control studies and cohort analysis about DCD versus DBD for liver transplantation,and the references of those trials were also searched by hand.After study selection,assessment and data extraction conducted by two reviewers independently,meta-analyses were performed by using the RevManS.1 software.The quality of evidence was assessed by using the GRADEpro software.Result DCD group had similar MELD of recipients with DBD group before operation [Z =1.37,95％ CI(-2.25,0.26),P =0.17],and DCD group got shorter cold ischemia time than DBD group [Z=2.26,95％CI(-1.76,-0.12),P =0.02].DCD group had higher hiliary complication incidence [Z =6.37,95％ CI(1.89,3.31),P＜0.000 01],higher vascular complication incidence [Z =2.14,95％ CI(1.03,2.17),P =0.03],higher liver primary non-function (PNF) incidence [Z =4.43,95％ CI (2.02,6.17),P＜0.000 01],lower 1-year graft survival rate [Z =3.78,95％ CI(0.84,0.94),P =0.0002] and lower 3 year graft survival rate[Z=2.54,95％ CI(0.73,0.96),P =0.01] than DBD group.The quality of the result was verified from low to moderate.Conclusion Liver transplantation using DCD had higher incidence of complications and lower 1-year and 3-year graft survival rate than DBD.For the poor quality of the original studies,a prudent choice is suggested.More randomized controlled trials are needed.

Objective To explore the differential proteins in livers with the help of proteomics,which provide experimental basis for the study of influence factors of liver injury in the state of brain-death.Methods Slow intracranial pressure method was used to establish the rabbit brain death model.Each liver tissue from 6 h after brain death of rabbit was collected.Total proteins were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.The image was analyzed by PDQuest software.The differentially expressed proteins between the two groups in more than two-fold were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and retrieved in the NCBI database to identify the corresponding protein.And the different proteins were re-identified by western blot.Results Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that there were about 973 ± 34 and 987 ± 38 protein spots in sham and brain death groups.A total of 52 differentially expressed protein spots between the two groups,29 were up-regulated,and 23 were down-regulated.10 different proteins were:DPYL4,ALDH2,PRDX6,PDK1,THTM,RUNX1,PPA1,ADH,GCLR,CYB5.RUNX1 is a protein of interest,so the expression of RUNX1 was detected by western blot and it showed that the expression of RUNX1 in liver decreased gradually in a time-dependent manner.Conclusions Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry identification is a reliable platform and powerful tool for differential proteomics studies.Identified protein RUNX1 may be related with liver injury after brain death,which is beneficial for the understanding of the mechanism of liver damage after brain death.

Objective To establish the rabbit brain death model,and observe the change of kidney function and morphology in the brain death rabbits,fully evaluate the possibility of transplantation surgery carried out with brain death donor kidney.Method 40 male healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into sham group (n =20) and brain death group (n =20),and each group further was divided into four groups according to 2,4,6 and 8 h after brain death groups.At the end of the experiment,the blood samples and kidney tissues were collected.The level of blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine (Cr) and the apoptosis of kidney cells were determined by automatic biochemistry analyzer and TUNEL method,respectively.The morphology changes of liver were detected by HE staining.Result Although BUN values were with no obviously alteration (P＞0.05) within 8 h after brain death,the renal Cr levels in the states of 2,4 and 8 h (P＜0.05) brain death were found significantly increased compared with shamed groups.The denaturalization in the epithelial cells of renal tubule,glomerulus atrophygradually,swelling and vacuolation of epithelial cells,edema in the interstitium and inflammatory cell infiltration and partly occlusion in proximal convoluted tubule gradually emerged in the brain dead groups.The inflammatory factor intercellular adhesion molecule (ICMA) and the apoptosis index in brain dead groups increased in a time dependent manner but the expressions of protective factor HSP70 conducted a contrary tendency.Conclusin Brain death could lead to the damage of kidney function and morphology and this injury aggravated in a time dependent manner.The alterations might be relevant to the production of inflammatory factors.Within 8 h after brain death there were obvious changes in the kidney function and morphology,which provide experimental basis for the rational use of brain death donor kidney transplantation.

Objective To establish the rabbit brain death model,observe the change of liver function and morphology in the brain death rabbits,and evaluate the possibility of transplantation surgery carried out with brain death donor liver.Methods 40 healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into sham group (n=20) and brain death group (n=20),and each group was further divided into four subgroups according to 2,4,6 and 8 h after brain death.At the end of the experiment,the blood samples and liver tissues were collected.The level of alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST) and the apoptosis of liver cells were determined by automatic biochemistry analyzer and TUNEL method respectively.The morphology changes of liver were detected by HE staining,and the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-8,tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected by competitive inhibition ELISA.Results In 2,4,6 and 8 h group,the level of ALT and AST increased,especially in 8 h group,which were significantly different from 6 h group's.Under light microscope,there was no significant change in liver 2 and 4 h after brain death.However,in 8 h after brain death,liver cells degenerated significantly,liver cord structure disappeared,some liver cells necrosis,which was consistent with the results of apoptosis index.The levels of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α were obviously increased in a time dependent manner compared with sham group.Conclusions Brain death could lead to the damage of liver function and morphology and this injury aggravated with time,which might be relevant with the production of inflammatory mediators.8 h after brain death,there were obvious change in the liver function and morphology.

Objective To explore the effect of carbon nanoparticles-epirubicin suspension on proliferation and apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.Methods MCF-7 cells were cultured with different concentrations of CNP-EPI in vitro.CCK-8 assay was used for determinate inhibition effect of CNP-EPI on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells at different concentration and different time.According to the determination of IC90,5 μg/ml CNP-EPI was selected,and cell morphology and cell apoptosis rates were observed after 24 h.Results The inhibition effect of the CNP-EPI was stronger significantly in CNP-EPI group than in normal control group within 24 h,48 h,72 h when the concentration was from 1 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml (P＜0.01).The inhibition of CNP-EPI on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells was gradually strengthened in a dose-dependent relation within the same time,and the inhibition effect is reduced in the same concentration of drugs with the time extension,but it still has a strong inhibitory effect in 72 h,and the inhibition effect of different concentration of CNP was not obvious on MCF-7 cells.Obvious changes of cell morphology were observed under inverted microscope such as:a lot of dead cells,cell adherent growth poor,cell morphology became round and karyopycnosis etc,in 5 μg/ml CNP-EPI group after 24 h.However,no obvious abnormity of cell norphology was observed in normal control group and corresponding CNP group.Late apoptosis rate was (14.57±2.41) ％,the mortality rate could reach (78.63±-20.55)％ in 5 μg/ml CNP-EPI group after 24 h.The mortality rate and apoptosis rate of cells was higher significantly in CNP-EPI group than in CNP group and normal control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion CNP-EPI can obviously inhibit the proliferation or kill human breast cancer MCF-7cells,and the inhibition effect of CNP-EPI on proliferation of breast cancer cells might be the result of delayed releasing of EPI.

Objective To explore effects of endoscopic subtotal thyroidectomy on nodular goiter and its clinical significance.Methods From Jun.2004 to Dec.2009,72 patients with nodular goiter underwent endoscopic subtotal thyroidectomy in Southwest Hospital.Of the 72 cases,22 cases had left-side nodule,31 cases had right-side nodule and 19 cases had bilateral nodules.Single thyroid nodule occurred in 41 cases and multiple nodules in 31 cases.The total number of nodules was 113.The average nodule size was 2.8 cm(ranging from 0.4 to 6.3 cm).Results Of the 72 cases,19 patients underwent bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy and the mean operative time was 97 min(ranging from 80 to 150 min).53 patients underwent unilateral subtotal thyroidectomy and the mean operative time was 65 min(ranging from 25 to 120 min).The mean intraoperative blood loss was 45 ml (ranging from 5 to 120 ml).Of the 72 cases,68 cases were given cervical plexus block regional anesthesia and among them 66 cases(97%)acquired good anesthesia.Temporary hoarse voice occurred in 2 cases and postoperative bleeding occurred in the subcutaneous tunnel of breast in 2 cases.Patients were followed up from 3 to 5years and the cosmetic result was satisfactory.The postoperative review half year later showed that unilateral nodule recurred in 1 case and the recurrence rate was 1.4%.Conclusions Endoscopic subtotal thyroidectomy through anterior chest wall or breast approach under local anesthesia is a safe and effective treatment in nodular goiter.In the process of dissecting thyroid,blunt maneuver and proper use of ultrasonic knife instead of clamping thyroid nodules directly are recommended in order to reduce intraoperative blood loss and enhance safe practice.