Scaffold is one of the key elements required for tissue engineering. Porous scaffolds have several special advantages for muscle tissue engineering, and they are beneficial to cell survival, myogenic differentiation, and vascular ingrowth. The performance of porous scaffolds is closely related to the property of the biomaterials used. Additionally, the pore size and porosity may affect cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. This review focuses on the application of porous scaffolds in muscle tissue engineering, including their categories, application, and advantages.
Biocompatible Materials ; Cell Adhesion ; Humans ; Muscles ; physiology ; Porosity ; Tissue Engineering ; Tissue Scaffolds

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of phenylethanoid glycosides on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced dyszoospermia in mice and to preliminary elucidate the mechanisms involved in the process. Methods Phenylethanoid glycoside was extracted by ethanol extraction.Forty male BALB/C mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,low dose of phenylethanoid glycosides group (50 mg· kg-1 )and high dose of phenylethanoid glycosides group (100 mg·kg-1 ).Except control group,the dyszoospermia mouse model was established by peritoneal injection of CTX at the daily dose of 80 mg· kg-1 ,once daily for successive 5 d. After modeling, phenylethanoid glycosides were intragastrically administered at corresponding doses to each phenylethanoid glycosides group.Equal volume of normal saline was given to the mice in control group and model group by gastrogavage.All the medication was performed once daily for successive 30 d.The testis tissue was obtained 24 h after the last intragastric administration.The level of testosterone in the testis tissue homogenate was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The sperm counts, the motility rates, and the teratospermia rates in various groups were compared.The morphological changes of the testis tissue were observed using HE staining.Results Compared with control group, the sperm count and the motility rate were decreased, the teratospermia rate was increased,and the testosterone level in the testis tissue homogenate was decreased in model group(P<0.01).Compared with model group,the sperm counts and the motility rates were increased,the teratospermia rates were decreased, and the testosterore levels in the testis tissue homogenate were increased in phenylethanoid glycosides groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The histological results showed atrophy and degeneration of seminiferous tuble,thicker seminiferous epithelium and azoospermic lumina in model group;the number of seminiferous epithelial layers was increased and the seminiferous cells orderly arranged, and many sperms were found in the tubules in phenylethanoid glycosides groups.Conclusion Phenylethanoid glycosides has obviously therapeutical effect on CTX-induced dyszoospermia in mice,and its mechanisms might be correlated with recovering the testosterone level.

Objective To identify the diseases outcome of inpatients of prefectural hospital in Xinjiang,through analyzing the diseases outcome of inpatients of a prefectural hospital in Xinjiang from 2006 to 2008.Methods To analyze the diseases outcome of inpatients(20 533 cases)randomly selectedin hospital from 2006 to 2008 the date were aralgzed.according to year,gender,ethnicity,disease systems.Results The overall cured rate,improved rate,healed rate,fatality rate of inpatients was 42.10％(8663 cases),51.10％(10 463 cases),6.00％(1242 cases),0.80％(165 cases)respectively.The fatality rate of inpatients of above 60 years old,45 ～59 years old,15 ～44 years old is higher in inpatients of various age groups; The fatality rate of inpatients of tumor,circulatory system diseases,symptoms of menopause with the experimental and clinical body seen to be kind to the suffering of its is higher in inpatients of various systemic diseases,binary multinomial logistic regression shows that the disease outcome is influenced by gender,age,disease systems,hospital annual,four single factors,but not influenced by ethnicity.Conclusion The cured rate adding improved rate is over 90％ of common and frequently-occurring diseases in the prefectural hospital of Xinjiang province.The fatality rate is higher in inpatients who suffered from tumor or circulatory system diseases or symptoms of menopause with the experimental and clinical body seen to be kind to the suffering of its and the fatality rate of all age groups over 15 years old is higher.

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is applied to improve disinfection of root canals in most root canal retreatment. This study aimed to analyze the CH removal efficacy using 7 different root preparing files (K file, pre-curved K file, EndoActivator, Ultrasonic file, pre-curved ultrasonic file, F file and needle irrigation alone) with apical transportation. Standardized models of curved canal with such apical transportation or not were set up before applying CH to root canal for 7 days. Seven techniques described above were used for its removal. Then the roots were disassembled and digital photos were taken. The ratio of residual CH in the overall canal surface was calculated using the image analyzer image pro plus 6.0. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test. Results revealed that CH was effectively removed (P<0.05) by using all 6 mechanical methods except irrigation alone. In curved root canals with apical transportation, EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file were found to be more effective in removing CH than the other four file (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference among EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file groups (P>0.05). The percentage of residual CH in the canal with apical transportation was higher than that in the canal without apical transportation (P<0.05). In conclusion, CH can be hardly removed completely. Canal with apical transportation will result in insufficient CH removal. EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file are more effective in the curved root canal with apical transportation.

The diagnosis and treatment characteristics of head-wind sha in She medicine were analyzed and summarized. By visiting She-nationality villages and towns in Zhejiang province and Fujian province and interviewing hundreds of doctors of She medicine, the sha diagnosis, sha differentiation, experience and theory of treatment were arranged, and a comprehensive summary on theory and application of head-wind sha in She medicine such as pathogeny, name of disease, mechanism, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment was made. It is believed that the methods of diagnosis and treatment in She medicine for head-wind sha could effectively enhance curative effect, safety and patients' quality of life, and the further research should be carried out.
Acupuncture Therapy ; China ; ethnology ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Headache Disorders ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; ethnology ; therapy ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo prepare Sinomenine hydrochloride-loaded bovine serum albumin microspheres (SM-BSA-MS).

METHODSM-BSA-MS was prepared by spray drying technique. The morphology, drug-loading and release in vitro of SM-BSA-MS was studied.

RESULTThe diameters of SM-BSA-MS were in the range of 1-3 m. The drug loading of microspheres, formulated with different drug/albumin ratios as 1, 2, 1:1, 2:1, were 31.6%, 47.7% and 67.9% , respectively. And the drug entrapment efficiencies of different drug/albumin ratios were higher than 94%. The results of in vitro release experiments showed that the drug loaded microspheres have the properties of sustained-release compared with the Sinomenine hydrochloride injection. Different release characteristics could be obtained by adjusting the prescription composition and the thermal denaturation condition.

CONCLUSIONSpray drying technique is a simple and feasible method for preparing SM-BSA-MS. The drug loaded microspheres had high drug-loading and sustained-release effect.

Delayed-Action Preparations ; chemistry ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Microspheres ; Morphinans ; chemistry ; Particle Size ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; chemistry ; Sinomenium ; chemistry

Cells, Cultured ; Chemokine CCL4 ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; drug effects ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Homocysteine ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Monocytes ; physiology ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Umbilical Veins ; cytology

OBJECTIVETo analyze and evaluate the acceptability of mifepristone compatible with misoprostone versus conventional surgical abortion among women under unwanted early pregnancy, so as to help the unexpected pregnant women to choose the satisfactory abortion, and to provide the evidence for clinicians to make a proper clinical decision.

METHODSSix medical databases were searched, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, CBMdisc, CNKI and VIP, together with twelve journals hand-searched, and references of included studies additionally searched. Two qualified reviewers reviewed the original articles, evaluating qualities of articles, and extracting data independently. After heterogeneity test, the data was pooled using Revman software if capable, or descriptive analysis was applied.

RESULTSIn total, nine original clinical controlled trials were included, containing 3565 cases. Before abortion, more unwanted pregnant women chose the medical abortion because they believed medical abortion was less painful than surgical abortion (OR = 466.51, 95% CI: 91.37 - 2381.88), but medical abortion was less time-consuming than surgical abortion (OR = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01 - 0.06). After abortion, satisfaction with medical abortion was similar to that with surgical abortion, with insignificant difference (P = 0.89). However, second choice and recommendation rates of medical abortion were much higher than those of surgical abortion with OR and 95% CI as 2.72, 2.13 - 3.47 and 4.19, 2.16 - 11.16, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSMedical abortion was less painful than surgical abortion and the rate of second choice and recommendation to others were all also higher than those of surgical abortion. However, the process of medical abortion was not as quick as surgical abortion but the satifacation of both methods seemed similar. Therefore, the two artificial abortion methods were not recommended to replace each other at the present time.

Abortifacient Agents ; adverse effects ; Abortion, Induced ; adverse effects ; methods ; Choice Behavior ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Mifepristone ; Misoprostol ; Pain ; etiology ; Patient Satisfaction ; statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Unwanted

OBJECTIVETo establish determination method of formic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid and succinic acid in dental plaque with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

METHODSAfter the samples were centrifuged, 2 microL supernatant was transferred to a 1 mL centrifuge tube and diluted in water, then was determined with HPLC. The mixture of phosphate buffer and methanol (97:3) as mobile phase throughout the experiment. The determination of organic acid was performed on Phenomenex C18 column and at their maximum absorption wave.

RESULTSThe linear ranges of formic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid and succinic acid were 0.110-500, 0.049-500, 0.047-500, 0.084-500 microg/mL. The detection limits were 0.110, 0.049, 0.047, 0.084 microg/mL. The relative standard derivation were 9.5%, 7.9%, 4.3%, 4.2%. The average recoveries of samples were 82%-112%, 82%-102.5%, 90%-115%, 80%-110%.

CONCLUSIONThe method was simple, quick and adapt for analysis of organic acid in dental plaque.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dental Plaque ; Formates