OBJECTIVE:To bring the spillover effects of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises'Research&Develop-ment institutions intofull play in China.METHODS:The routes for the exertion of spillover effects and the main restrictive factors of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises were analyzed and some strategies to enhance the spillover effects were put forward.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The absorbing ability of the domestic pharmaceutical enterprises should be enhanced in China;the flow of the personnel between the multinational enterprises and the domestic pharmaceutical enterprises should be accelerated.We should participate actively in the Research&Development system of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises,reinforce the protection of intellectual property and promote the Research&Development investment of multinational phar-maceutical enterprises in China.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the outsourcing strategy of pharmaceutical enterprises.METHODS:The feasibility and the necessity of carrying out outsourcing strategy in pharmaceutical enterprises were analyzed based on value chain theory;and the current outsourcing strategies carried out in China pharmaceutical enterprises were evaluated.RESULTS&CON?CLUSION:Outsourcing is a feasible choice for our pharmaceutical enterprises,by which their competitive edge can be im?proved effectively.

Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) is a worldwide public health problem.Glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) is a key indicator for early diagnosis and accurate classification of CKD , how to estimate GFR accurately and conveniently has been a difficulty and hot-points.We describes the development of several major eGFR equations based on creatinine and cystatin C , analysis the impact of the different research methods on performance of equation , and discusses the issue in research and application of eGFR in China.Accordingly make the following recommendations ( 1 ) Expand the study size ( multiple centers) and participants number , then develop and validate eGFR equations based on Chinese population ;(2) Standardize the gold standardof GFR in the study and unify the analysis and evaluation methods;(3) Promote the consistency and standardization of creatinine and cystatin C which is the basis for the wide range of applications of the eGFR formula.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperhidrosis ; therapy ; Male ; Medicine in Literature ; Middle Aged ; Pruritus ; therapy

0 05) The plasma Hcy level was significantly higher in DVT group than in control group [(12 2?8 7) ?mol/L vs (10 4?4 8) ?mol/L, P

Thirty-six healthy women were divided into 3 groups according to their calcium intake at week 18 of gestation. The levels of their blood calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin were assayed during pregnancy and postpartum, and bone mineral density ( BMD) was measured postpartum. The levels of PHI and calcitonin were increasing with advancing pregnancy and reached the highest at the end of pregnancy. The women with higher calcium intake during pregnancy period had higher BMD than that of the women with ordinary diet during pregnancy period.

Objective To explore the effect of HIPK2 on apoptosis of human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HKC) induced by cisplatin.Methods Apoptosis of HKC cells was induced by cisplatin and the expression of HIPK2 was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot.Two HIPK2 siRNAs were designed according to gene sequence of HIPK2 and cell lines with HIPK2 knockdown were established through transfecting the HIPK2 siRNAs into HKC cells by liposome.The expression of HIPK2 mRNA and protein was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot after induced by cisplatin.Then cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/PI after the HIPK2-knockdown cells were treated with cisplatin.Moreover,the expression of pro-apoptotic protein bax was detected by Western blot after HIPK2 was knockdown.Results The expression of HIPK2 mRNA and protein was down-regulated obviously on the process of HKC apoptosis which induced by dose-dependent cisplatin (P＜0.05).The transfection of siRNA could significantly reduce the expression of HIPK2 mRNA and protein in HKC (P＜0.05),which promotes the HKC cells apoptosis induced by cisplatin.Conclusions HIPK2 can suppress the HKC cells apoptosis induced by cisplatin.

More and more studies have found that EBV infection is closely related to the occurrence, development, treatment and prognosis of lymphoma. The treatment of EBV-positive lymphoma bases mainly on combined chemo-radiotherapy together with ganciclovir, acyclovir and other antiviral drugs. Also there are novel ways to treat EBV positive- lymphoma including CD70 monoclonal antibody, butyrate, etc. The only way to prevent EBV infection is to inoculate anti-viral vaccine. The criterion of treating EBV positive-lymphoma remains to be further investigated.

Objective To test whether sodium arsenite can induce in vitro reverse mutation of Salmonella typhimurium histamine-auxotroph mutant. Methods Ames test was carded out with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97,TA98,TA100 and TA102 by standard method with or without the liver microsomal enzyme activation system (+S9,-S9). Results At concentrations of sodium arsenite from 500.00 to 5000.00 μg/plate, no colonies were seen on the plates of TA97,TA98,TA100 or TA102, with or without the presence of S9. At concentrations of sodium arsenite of 0.01,0.10,10.00 μg/plate and with the presence of S9, twice as many colonies grew on the plates of TA102 as the negative control(P<0.05). Without S9 activation,twice as many colonies grew on the plates of TA100 as the negative control(P<0.05)at concentrations of sodium arsenite of 1.00,10.00 μg/plate(P<0.05). The reverse mutation colonies induced by sodium arsenite in TA98 strain were twice as many as negative control group at concentrations of 0.01,0.10 μg/plate(P<0.05). There was no obvious increase of the strain clones in the other(P0.05). Conclusions With and without S9 activation, the doses of 500.00,5000.00 μg/plate sodium arsenite resulted in a toxic effect and a reduction of the revertants among the strain. At concentrations of 0.01～10.00 μg/plate, sodium arsenite exhibited mutngenesis effects.

Objective To explore the reversing mechanism of multidrug resistance of ciclosporin(CsA) on K562/A02 cell line,attenuating DNA damage repair through H2AX suppression.Methods K563 and K562/A02 respectively co-cultured with adriamycin(ADM) of different concentrations and CsA.MTT assay was employed to determine the inhibitory concentration of 50 percent(IC50),the resistance times and the reversal times.The K562/A02 cells treated with CsA,and reverse transcriptase(RT)-PCR technique was used to examine the mdr1 and H2AX mRNA level.Flow cytometry was used to measure P-glycoprotein(P-gp) and H2AX expression.Neutral comet assay was used to detect the level of DNA double strands break(DSBs) of the K562/A02 treated with ?H2AX antibody.Results 2?10-3g/L CsA could increase the sensitivity of K562/A02 to ADM,and the reversal times was 5.28.Mdr1 mRNA level and H2AX mRNA level were decreased when treated with CsA(P