The special environmental features of high altitude, such as hypobaric hypoxia, low temperature, arid, high solar radiation, variable climate and geochemical anomaly, cause great effects on human physiology and health. It will provide valuable references and new ideas to study drug's metabolism in special environment of high altitude hypoxia, and give the guidance to clinical reasonable medication, avoiding adverse reactions and personalized medicine in plateau areas. This article reviewed the effect of high altitude hypoxia on drug metabolism, elaborated metabolic characteristics of some drugs and the activity and expression of drug metabolism enzymes under hypoxia environment at high altitude, and discussed related mechanism.
Altitude ; Climate ; Cold Temperature ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; metabolism

Objective To compare the clinical effects between electrical stimulation and acupuncture for dysphagia in acute stroke,and provide effective option for the patients with post-stroke bulbar palsy.Methods A total of 80 patients (40 post-stroke true bulbar paralysis patients and 40 post-stroke pseudo bulbar paralysis patients)were randomly divided into true bulbar paralysis-electrical stimulation group(group A1),true bulbar paralysis-acupuncture group(group A2),pseudo bulbar paralysis-electrical stim-ulation group(group B1),pseudo bulbar paralysis-acupuncture group(group B2).These patients were treated with electrical stimu-lation or acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training for 2 weeks.Results In group A1,4 cases were better effective,12 cases were effective,and 4 cases were no effective.In group A2,2 cases were better effective,7 cases were effective,and 1 1 cases were no effective.The response rate was 80%(1 6/20)in group A1 and 45%(9/20)in group A2.There was statistically significant difference (P =0.022).In group B1,6 cases were better effective,12 cases were effective,and 2 cases were no effective.In group B2,5 cases were better effective,12 cases were effective,and 3 cases were no effective.The response rate was 90%(18/20)in group B1 and 85%(1 7/20)in group B2.There was no statistically significant difference(P =0.633 ).Conclusion Electrical stimulation or acu-puncture combined with early rehabilitation training could provide good effect for post-stroke pseudo bulbar paralysis patients.For post-stroke true bulbar paralysis patients,it was better to choose electrical stimulation combined with early rehabilitation training.

a greater impact,which could account for some pathophysiological changes caused by catch-up growth.

Objective To assess the diagnostic value of bone scanning and bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) detection in diagnosis of osseous metastases in lung cancer. Methods 58 patients with lung cancer were examined by bone scanning and serum alkaline phosphates(ALP) and B-ALP detection. The results were analyzed. Results Among the 58 patients, bone scanning found osseous metastases in 33 patients, the incidence was 56.90 %. Among the 58 patients, the incidence of bone metastasis of adenocarcinoma was 70.97 % (22/33) and squamous carcinoma was 42.86 % (9/21) (x2 =4.109, P =0.0427). The incidence of bone metastases increased in B-ALP ≥150 U/L. B-ALP was significantly correlated with the number of metastatic loci in bone. The sensitivity of bone scanning is the highest (93.94 %), but specificity the lowest (92.00 %).The sensitivity combining bone scanning and B-ALP is the lowest (57.58 %), but the specificity the highest (100.00 %). Conclusion Whole-body bone scanning has high sensitivity in early detection of bone metastases. For diagnosis of osseous metastases in patients with lung cancer, bone scanning is the primary choice. Combining the bone scanning with B-ALP can increase specificity. B-ALP has certain using value to confirm bone metastasis and decide the disease extent.

Objective:This paper studied the electromagnetic-driven pressure control system in the automatic measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP).The accuracy of pressure control directly impacts on the accuracy of IOP measurements,so it calls for precise pressure to achieve closed-loop control.Methods:According to the actual needs of IOP measuring,we got the structural and electromagnetic parameters of the electromagnetic drive system by combining the methods of numerical calculation and ANSYS simulation.Using the FC bus and digital-analog conversion,the microcontroller module controlled the drive current digitally and precisely in order to achieve closed-loop control of pressure.Results:The experimental results showed that in the electromagnetic pressure control system,the pressure range was 0 N～0.48982 N,the accuracy 0.00058 N,the drive current control error about 1% on average.Besides,the electromagnetic force and the excitation current showed a good linear relationship in the same stroke.Conclusions:The electromagnetic pressure control system achieved a good result in closed-loop control of pressure.The control pressure range and control accuracy were in line with the standard of Goldmann applanation tonometer.According to the results,this study laid the foundation for the further development of IOP automatically measuring instruments.

Objective To explore the effect of the transtheoretical model of health behavior change on initial insulin injection in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Thirty elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, receiving traditional training of insulin injection , were recruited as control group ( n = 30 ) between December 2013 and March 2014 . Another 30 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, who received an education program based on the transtheoretical model of health behavior change for insulin injection training ( 30 minutes for each time and 4 times in total ) , were recruited as experiment group ( n=30 ) between April 2014 and July 2014. The knowledge of insulin injection and the operational skills in the two groups were compared between the two groups. Result Both the knowledge and operational skills at insulin injection in the experiment group were significantly better than those in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion The transtheoretical model of health behavior change can be significant for improving the operational skills at insulin injection and therefore it can be effective in controling of blood sugar.

The examination of Histology and Embryology was reformed by trying competition-oriented test based on an exam system which is supported by attitude assessment and achievement in learning process.The students welcome the system for its advantages such as the original and various forms,its inspiration of enthusiasm and innovation and its humanism.The system contained processional assessment and final assessment as well.Yet the practiser should increase the rate of written examination to keep the fairness.

Men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) can achieve fertility by testicular sperm extraction (TESE) coupled with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), the key to which is the successful retrieval of sperm from the testis. Although improved testicular sperm extraction techniques have increased the chances of sperm retrieval, to predict preoperatively the success of sperm retrieval from NOA patients remains challenging. A non-invasive diagnostic technique predicting the presence of sperm in the testis would be useful for avoiding possible surgical intervention. At present, some preoperative variables, such as serum FSH, inhibin B level, testis volume, genetic analysis, histopathology on diagnostic biopsy, Raman Spectroscopy, and molecular and protein markers, have provided new insights into the chances of successful sperm retrieval in NOA males. This review aims to evaluate the preoperative factors currently available for predicting the outcomes of sperm retrieval from NOA patients.
Azoospermia ; therapy ; Biomarkers ; Biopsy ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Inhibins ; blood ; Male ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; Sperm Retrieval ; Spermatozoa ; cytology ; Testis ; cytology

To establish an HPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of quercetin, kaempferid and isorhamnetin in rats plasma and study its pharmamacokinetics after an intragastrical administration of Hippophae rhamnoides extracts. Five healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given single doses of H. rhamnoides extracts (quercetin 26.35 mg x kg(-1), kaempferid 4.040 mg x kg(-1), isorhamnetin 31.37 mg x kg(-1)), and then their orbital sinus blood samples were collected at different time points. The drug plasma concentration of the three flavonoids was determined by HPLC-MS/MS method. After that, the main pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated by using Kinetica 5. 0. 11 software. The methodological test showed that the linear concentration ranges of quercetin, kaempferid and isorhamnetin were 7.500-600.0 μg x L(-1) (R2 = 0.998 5), 1.000-80.00 μg x L(-1) (R2 = 0.998 5 ) and 10.00-800.0 μg x L(-1) (R2 = 0.998 0), respectively. The inner and inter-days precisions were both less than 14.0%. The plasma samples showed a good stability and consistency with the requirement of biological sample analysis after the samples were frozen once and placed at - 20 degrees C for 15 d and room temperature for 6 h and the treated analytes were placed at -20 degrees C for 24 h. For quercetin, the pharmacokinetic parameter t(½β), AUC(0-∞), MRT(0.∞), C.(max) and T(max) were (113.3 ± 19.37) min, (12 542.14 ± 3 504.05) μg x h x L(-1), (119.6 ± 13.29) h, (164.6 ± 27.33) μg x L(-1) and (5.199 ± 0.840 3) h, respectively. For kaempferid, the pharmacokinetic parameters t(½β), AUC(0-t), MRT(0-∞), C(max) and T(max) were (79.85 ± 17.15) min, (934.51 ± 94.59) μg x h x L(-1), (81.50 ± 13.75) h, (80.15 ± 14.24) μg x L(-1) and (3.827 ± 0.902 7) h, respectively. For isorhamnetin, the pharmacokinetic parameters t1,2,, AUC(0-t), MRT(0-∞), C(max) and T(max) were (118.3 ± 20.73) min, (26 067.77 ± 4 124.60) μg x h x L(-1), (129.0 ± 16.30) h, (269.6 ± 29.32) μg x L(-1) and (6.513 ± 1.450) h, respectively. The HPLC-MS/MS analysis method established in this study was proved to be sensitive and accurate and could be applied in the pharmacokinetic study of quercetin, kaempferid and isorhamnetin in rat plasma.
Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; pharmacokinetics ; Hippophae ; chemistry ; Kaempferols ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Quercetin ; analogs & derivatives ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; methods

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of hyperlipidemia on monophasic action potential and calcium current of heart in rabbits.Methods24 rabbits were divided into the high cholesterol group (n=12) and control group (n=12) and fed with high cholesterol forage and standard forage respectively for 10 weeks. Electrocardiograph, ventricular fibrillation threshold and the level of serum lipid were examined. Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record I_ Ca-L.ResultsIn high cholesterol group, the serum cholesterol level was higher than the control group ( P<0.01), ventricular fibrillation threshold (10.2±1.7 V) lower than that of the control group (13.9±1.3 V)( P<0.05), MAPD90 displayed more significant rate-dependent prolongation. At cycle lengths of 1500 ms, MAPD90 was 358±18 ms in the high cholesterol group, while it was 277±20 ms in the control group. The densities of ICa-L were larger in the high cholesterol group (14.7±0.8 pA/pF) than that in the control group (10.9±1.1 pA/pF)( P<0.01).ConclusionHypercholesterolemia can produce cardiac electrical remodeling, including increased ICa-L, prolonged repolarization and decreased ventricular fibrillation thresholds.