An electrochemical sensor for detection of nitrite using a polyethylenimine functionalized graphene-molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite material modified glassy carbon electrode (PEI-rGO-MoS2/GCE) was reported. The characteristics of PEI-rGO-MoS2 nanocomposite were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of PEI-rGO-MoS2 nanocomposite modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry,linear voltammetry,differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry,and it was found that the synergistic effect between PEI,rGO and MoS2 enhanced the electrocatalytic activity towards oxidation of nitrite. Under the optimal experimental conditions,the prepared PEI-rGO-MoS2/GCE exhibited low detection limit (0.7μmol/L) and wide linear range (1-20μmol/L and 35-1000μmol/L) for nitrite,with good selectivity and stability. Furthermore,the practicability of the prepared sensor was confirmed by detection of nitrite in the actual tape water and soda water samples. The recoveries were 98.0％-110.6％,and the relative standard deviation was 0.8％-2.2％,proving application potential of this sensor.

Atractylodis Rhizoma is a kind of commonly used clinical Chinese medicine （TCM）， which was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing （《神农本草经》）. At that time， it was called "Zhu"， which is the general name of Atractylodis Rhizoma and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma. After Song dynasty， Atractylodis Rhizoma and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma were separated. Atractylodis Rhizoma can be divided into Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis. In history， A. lancea as authentic， that its quality is better than A. chinensis. However， the quality of Atractylodis Rhizoma was evaluated by the index component atractylodin in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The general results showed that the content of atractylodin in A. lancea was low， even failed to meet the specified standard， and its content in A. chinensis was significantly higher than that in A. lancea. The results were inconsistent with the records of ancient books and documents， and the quality theory of "genuine medicine is the best". It could not reflect the quality advantage of genuine Atractylodis Rhizoma， and may even affect the clinical application and development momentum of genuine medicine. In short， the quality standard of TCM should not only conform to the historical experience， but also have the connotation of modern science and technology， which can stand the test of practice. Based on this， the author intends to sort out relevant laws and regulations， sort out the literature related to the authenticity， composition and efficacy of Atractylodis Rhizoma， and analyze the rationality of the current standard of Atractylodis Rhizoma by integrating the relevant records of historical classics and modern research results， so as to provide a basis for the improvement of the quality standard of Atractylodis Rhizoma.

Setariae Fructus Germinatus (Guya) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, which has been used for thousands of years. In ancient and modern books and works, the name is often confused because of its complicated relationship with the origin. In order to clarify the name and source of Guya, the authors examined the name, origin and processing history of Guya through consulting ancient Chinese herbal books, modern Chinese medicine monographs, calendar edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the processing standards of various provinces, and found that different regions in China used Guya according to their local habits, resulting in the foreign body of the same name of Guya, lacking a unified standard. It is suggested that changing the name of Guya to Suya is more practical, and is conducive to the quality standard research and clinical accurate application of Guya.

Objective:To investigate the dryness effect of Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis. Method:Sixty normal and healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups(10 in each group), including normal saline group, soybean oil group, low-dose(46.25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) group and high-dose(500 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) group of A. lancea, low-dose(46.25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) group and high-dose(500 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) group of A. chinensis, the dosing volume was 0.01 mL·g^-1, and the drug was administered orally for 21 days. Taking average daily water intake, submandibular gland tissue, urine volume and expression of aquaporin 2(AQP2) in the kidney, and whole blood viscosity as the evaluation indexes, the dryness effect of long-term administration of equal doses of volatile oil from A. lancea and volatile oil from A. chinensis on rats was observed. Result:Compared with the soybean oil group, long-term administration of high doses of volatile oil from A. lancea and volatile oil from A. chinensis could significantly increase average daily water intake, urine volume and whole blood viscosity; decrease the expression of AQP2, and atrophy the acini of submandibular gland, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Effects of volatile oil from A. lancea and A. chinensis with low dose on dryness of rats were not significant. Conclusion:There is no significant difference between the dryness effect of volatile oil from A. lancea and A. chinensis in the same dose. It is proved that the rationality of A. lancea and A. chinensis are universal in clinical practice, and this study provides experimental basis for rational use of Atractylodis Rhizoma.

Objective To study the spectrum-effect relationship between GC-MS fingerprint of the volatile oil of Atractylodis Rhizoma and the dryness effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma, and clarify the main dryness components of Atractylodis Rhizoma. Methods The volatile oil of different batches of Atractylodis Rhizoma (S1-S9) were analyzed by GC-MS. Using the daily drinking amount of water, the viscosity of whole blood, and the content of aquaporin 2 (AQP2) in the kidney of rats as the indexes of dryness effect of Atractylodes Rhizome, the spectrum-effect relationship was analyzed by the combination of grey relational grade and orthogonal partial least square method. Results The dryness effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma was the combined action of multiple components, and the peaks of the major contribution to dryness effect were 31, 28, and 33, respectively. The corresponding components of the three peaks were β-eudesmol, (-)-aristolene, and bulnesol, which were identified by the spectral library retrieval analysis. Conclusion The main dryness effect components of Atractylodis Rhizoma are β-eudesmol, (-)-aristolene, and bulnesol, which provide a reference for investigating the material basis of dryness effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma.

In order to establish a more perfect evaluation system for dryness effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma, determine the main dry parts of Atractylodis Rhizoma，and further define the mechanism of stir-baked Atractylodis Rhizoma in reducing the dryness. The healthy rats were given with different doses of water extract and volatile oil of raw Atractylodis Rhizoma and stir-baked Atractylodis Rhizoma for 21 days. Based on the theory of the dry-dry and dryness-induced Yin deficiency, the amount of drinking water, tissue morphology of submandibular glands, urine volume and the expression of aquaporin 2 (AQP2) in the kidneys, as well as blood rheology, ratio of cAMP/cGMP in serum and the content of Na⁺-K⁺-ATP enzyme were selected as the evaluation indexes. The results indicated that the rats with high dose volatile oil from raw Atractylodis Rhizoma had a significant increase in the amount of drinking water, urine volume, blood viscosity, ratio of cAMP/cGMP and content of Na⁺-K⁺-ATP enzyme in the serum（<0.05）as compared with the soybean oil group; meanwhile, atrophy of submandibular acinar gland was obvious，and the expression of aquaporin 2 was reduced significantly（<0.05）. There were significant differences between volatile oil high dose group of raw Atractylodis Rhizoma and volatile oil high dose group of stir-baked Atractylodis Rhizoma. There was no significant difference between the water extract groups of raw and stir-baked Atractylodis Rhizoma and the saline group. A comprehensive evaluation system for the dryness effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma was established. It was confirmed that the volatile oil part was the main dry part of Atractylodis Rhizoma. It revealed that the mechanism of dryness effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma was not only related to the decrease of the total content of the volatile oil, but also may be related to the transformation of dryness components in the volatile oil. It provides references for the study of material basis of Atractylodis Rhizoma dryness, provides an experimental basis for the clinical application of Atractylodis Rhizoma, further clarifies the mechanism of stir-baked Atractylodis Rhizoma in reducing the dryness, and provides thoughts for the evaluation of other dry traditional Chinese medicines.

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical effect of the treatment for complex fractures of the tibial plateau through the application of the external fixator and the locking plate.

METHODSFrom Feb. 2006 to Oct. 2008,12 patients with tibial plateau fractures were treated with external fixator and locking plate included 8 males and 4 females with an average age of 38 years ranging from 23 to 59. According to Schatzker type, 7 cases were type V and 5 cases were type VI. Using an anteromedial incision and an anterolateral approach, the locking plate were fixed in the tibia lateral. The collapse and height lossing of tibial plateau was observed through X-ray film before and after operation. The function of knee joint was evaluated according to HSS scoring.

RESULTSThese patients were followed up for 4 to 18 months (means 9.79 months). Eleven cases had bone primary union,and 1 delayed union. No deep phlebothrombosis and osteofascial compartment syndrome occurened. The average healing time was 3.1 months. Between the preoperative and postoperative X-ray film there were no second stage depression fracture of the tibial plateau,postoperative reduction loss and bad alignment. The range of knee flexion was 90 degrees to 110 degrees. The HSS knee functional scoring was(75.50 +/- 10.01)scores after operation and (21.50 +/- 11.68) scores before operation.

CONCLUSIONThe treatment with the external fixator and the locking plate for complex fractures of the tibial plateau could provid continuous stability of fixation,prevent the fracture from second stage displacement and the knee force line change, protect the soft-tissue around the knee, reduce the postoperative complications. The knee joint function is satisfied.

Adult ; Bone Plates ; External Fixators ; Female ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tibial Fractures ; physiopathology ; surgery