OBJECTIVE:To promote the development of Contract Research Organization (CRO) in China. METHODS: The definition and function of CRO and the reason why CRO grows so quickly in recent years were introduced. Then a systematic analysis on the development and trend of CRO in China and abroad were conducted, and the problems in the developments were pointed out. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Based on the condition in China, the following strategies for the development of CRO in China were put forward: firstly, the government should tighten control on the standardization and monitoring of domestic CRO; secondly, the pharmaceutical companies in China should get a better understanding and make full use of CRO; thirdly, the cooperation between CRO in China and CRO abroad should be emphasized; fourthly, it is advisable to cultivate more talents on outsourcing.

Along with several decades development,the urinary and male genital system neoplasm has gained distinguished research achievements in China.The research output is being historically high.However,our ability of treatment and diagnosis cannot meet people's requirement of health due to the serious prevalent situation.It is necessary for China to take actions to keep up with the advanced world level.

Objective To study the efficacy of thyroidal arterial embolization in treating hyperthyroidism by using different embolizing materials and the relationship between recurrence rate and the numbers of embolized arteries. Methods 56 cases with hyperthyroidism were divided into group A (25 cases) and group B (31 cases). Patients of group A had their thyroidal arteries embolized with gelfoam particles and stainless coils after arterial infusion of a total dosage of 24 mg of blemycin. Patients of group B had their thyroidal arteries occluded with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. The effectiveness and general complications of arterial embolization for these two groups were compared and the relationship between recurrence rate of hyperthyroidism after treatment and numbers of embolized thyroidal arteries was studied. Results It showed effectiveness in all patients within 2 3 months. The follow up records showed, the recurrence rate of hyperthyroidism was 28% and 16.1% for group A and group B respectively but without statistical difference. The recurrence rates were 46.7% for those patients with 2 thyroid arteries embolized and 12.2% for those with 3 4 arteries embolized, showing significant difference ( ? 2=7.751, P

Objective To analyze the laboratory detection findings in infectious mononucleosis(IM) and mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome(MCLS)and find the main points of the differential diagnosis and direct the treatment. Methods Five hundreds and twenty-five children were in-patient department over these past 10 years .These patients were divided into 2 groups,IM group (225 patients) and MCLS group(280 patients). EB-virus antibody,Paul-Bunnell test,the circumference blood numeration ,classification of leucocytes,the numeration of atypical lymphocytes were detected and compared,as well as blood platelet of these patients.Results The positive rate of EB-virus antibody in IM and MCLS were high, and had no discrepancy. However, the positive rate of Paul-Bunnell test and numeration of atypical lymphocyte in IM group were significantly higher than those in MCLS group. The total circumference blood leucocyte numeration of the groups increased,but the numeration neutrophil increased significantly in MCLS group, the rising numeration of lymphocyte in IM; the blood platelet numeration was elevated significantly in MCLS group and continued when the total circumference blood leucocyte numeration tended normally.Conclusions The causes of IM and MCLS are related to the infection of EB-virus. The laboratory characteristics of IM and MCLS are different,understanding the main points of the differential diagnosis contributes to the clear diagnose and early treatment.

Objective To investigate the effect of pioglitazone on the expression of thrombospondin-1(TSP1)and transfor ming growth factor-β1 (TGF-131)in the kidney of diabetic rats.Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal control(NC),streptozocin-induced diabetic mellitus(DM),diabetic rats treated with pioglitazone(DP)and normal control rats treated with pioglitazone(NP).24-h urine protein quantity,serum creatinine(Scr) and kidney hypertrophy index were measured after treatment for 10 weeks,and the expression of TSP1 and TGF-β1 in the kidney was detected by using RT-PCR and immuohistochemistry.Results As compared with DM group,urine protein level and kidney hypertrophy index were significantly attenuated in DP group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in plasma glucose between them(P>0.05).As compared with NC and NP groups,the expression of TSP1 and TGF-β1 was significantly elevated in the kidney of DM and DP groups(P<0.01).Both TSP1 and TGF-β1 expression in DP group was lower than in DM group(P<0.05).Conclusion Pioglitazone can exert a direct protective effect on the kidney in diabetic rats,which is independent of the role of insulin sensitizer,and the mechanism may be associated with the decreased TSP1 expression in the kidney.

Objective To assess the effect of intraperitoneal interstitial implant of Sustained-release 5-Fluorouracil during operation for advanced rectal cancer. Methods One hundred and four cases with advanced rectal cancer were enrolled into the study and divided into 3 groups: treatment group 1(n = 37), underwent combined hypotonic peritoneal chemo-hyperthermia and Sustain-released 5-fluorouracil implantation treatment during operation; treatment group 2(n = 34), underwent combined intraoperative hypotonic peritoneal chemohyperthermia and early postoperatively intraperitoneal chemotherapy treatment; and control group(n = 33),underwent peritoneal lavage during radical resection alone. Results Digestive tract toxicity in group 1 was significantly lower than that in group 2(2. 70% vs. 20. 59%, x2 = 9. 104, P ＜ 0. 05). There were significant difference on 1 year survival rate among the three groups. The 2-year survival rate of group 1 was significantly higher than that in the control group (78. 37% vs. 48. 48%, x2 = 1. 297 ,P ＜ 0. 05). After two years follow-up the 2-year local recurrence rate of group 1 was significantly lower than that in the control group(21.62% vs 32. 35 %, x2 = 7. 001, P ＜ 0. 05). However, no significant difference was found compared to group 2, which was 32. 35%. Conclusion lntraperitoneal interstitial implant of Sustain-released 5-Fluorouracil during operation is an effective intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mild side effects for advanced rectal cancer.

AIM: To investigate the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib on kidney injury in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat and the underlying mechanism.METHODS: The rat model of DN was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at dose of 55 mg/kg.One week after STZ injection, the rats with blood glucose level exceeding 16.7 mmol/L were identified as diabetic.Diabetic rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: STZ group and STZ+erlotinib group.In addition, the normal rats were used as control group.The rats in STZ+erlotinib group were treated with erlotinib at 100 mg·kg-1·d-1 for 4 weeks(5th~8th week).The fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum creatinine (SCr) and 24 h urine protein were measured.The pathological changes of the kidney were observed by HE staining and Masson staining.The protein levels of EGFR, p-EGFR, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, collagen Ⅳ (ColⅣ) and fibronectin in the kidney tissues were determined by Western blot.The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the renal tissues were futher analyzed.RESULTS: Compared with control group, the levels of FBG, 24 h urine protein and Scr were significantly increased in STZ group (P<0.01).Compared with STZ group, the levels of FBG, 24 h urine protein and SCr in STZ+erlotinib group were markedly decreased (P<0.05).In additon, the glomerular structure was restored to normal, the proliferative degree of mesangial cells markedly attenuated, and the epithelial cells were in alignment in STZ+erlotinib group.Moreover, erlotinib significantly inhibited the protein levels of p-EGFR, TGFβ1, p-Smad2/3, ColⅣ and fibronectin in the kidney tissues of STZ rats.In addition, erlotinib also significantly inhibited the levels of ROS and MDA in the kidney tissues of STZ rats.CONCLUSION: Erlotinib ameliorates STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy possibly through inhibiting the activation of EGFR/TGFβ1-Smad2/3 signaling pathway in association with suppression of fibrosis and oxidative stress.

Thyroid diseases are often accompanied with dyslipidemia.In me past,low level of myroid hormone(TH) was considered a main factor in causing elevated level of blood cholesterol in hypothyroid patients.However,some clinical features can not be explained by this traditional theory. For example,in subclinical hypothyroid cases,both levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and serum total cholesterol (TC) increase,while TH level remains normal.From this phenomenon,we speculate that in case with hypothyroidism,not only there is a relationship between serum TC and TH levels,but also serum TC level change is related to TSH in some way,which has not been noticed.The purpose of this paper is to review the new and most advanced progress in the research of TSH and cholesterol.

The social reputation-based incentive mechanisms in preventing the free riding behaviors were put for-ward according to the analysis of personal digital library and P2P technology. Since the reputation value of personal digital library was calculated according to the maximum flow algorithm, personal digital library must increase its reputation value by sharing the resources when it is going to obtain the necessary resources it wants.