Background The cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase 2D6 (CYP2D6) ac- tivity can he estimated by investigating the metabolism of model drugs or by genotyping the most com- mon CYP2D6 alleles. The CYP2D6 allele frequencies are well investigated in Caucasians whereas no comprehensive allele analysis has been done in mainland Chinese. The aim of the study was to investi- gate C2938T, G1846T, G1846A and C188T gene mutation in mainland Chinese. Methods Three tet- ra-primer PCR assays and one allele specific amplification (ASA)-PCR assay were developed to easily genotype C2938T, G1846T, G1846A and C188T mutation in CYP2D6 allele in 223 cases of mainland Chinese. Results The most frequent allele was * 10 (C188T) with a prevalence of 51.3%, followed by * 2 allele (C2938, 15. 5%) in mainland Chinese. The distribution frequence of a novel variant CYP2D6 * 14B was 2.0%. This novel * 14B allele was different from * 14 allele by the absence of the C188T substitution and by the additional G1749C substitution. Conclusion This comprehensive study of CYP2D6 allele in mainland Chinese shows some genetic diversity compared to Chinese from other regions. Genotyping is a useful method in applying drug individuation.

Objective To examine Streptpcoccus mutans,Streptpcoccus sobrinus and Streptpcoccus sanguis in the early formation of native dental plaque biofilm. Methods An experimental dental plaque biofilm model in the oral cavity was established using enamel slabs. The spatial distribution of S. mutans, S.sobrinus and S. sanguis in the early colonization of dental plaque biofilms on the enamel surface was observed bv in situ, real-time and dynamic observations and optical sections utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH). The experiment data were analyzed with One-Way AVOVA, α=0.05 using SPSS11.5. Results Dental biofilm had a certain degree of thickness and various forms in three-dimensioned structure. The bacteria in the structure were sparse at the inner layers and the outer layers. In the middle layers the bacteria were closely compacted. There were many voids traversing from the outside of the biofilm to the enamel surface. At the initial stage of dental biofilm formation, the scanned average thickness of S. mutans,S. sobrinus and S. sanguis increased with time elapsing,the mean thicknesses of 1 h biofilms were 20.43 μm,11.50 μm and 14.76 μm,respectively,and those of 24 h were the thickest in terms of average level,the mean values were 70.25 μm,75.40 μm and 79.98 μm,respectively. Conclusion The fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with CLSM are thought to be convenient and sensitive to detect S. mutans, S. sobrinus and S. sanguis in the dental plaque biofilms.

Objective To analyze blood lipid levels in patients with coronary heart disease ,and to explore clinical significance of serum total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as a risk marker for coronary heart disease .Methods Serum lev‐els of total cholesterol ,triglycerides ,high density lipoprotein cholesterol ,and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured for 295 patients with coronary heart disease .Ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated based on the lipid tests .Results The percentages of abnormal total cholesterol ,triglycerides ,high density lipoprotein cholesterol ,and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were 32 .20% 、34 .24% ,39 .32% ,and 37 .63% ,respectively ,for patients with coronary heart disease according to normal ranges issued by Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults in Chinese Population .The abnormal percentage of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio was 57 .29% .The percentage of raising total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio was significantly higher than abnormal ratios of total cholesterol ,triglycer‐ides ,high density lipoprotein cholesterol ,and low density lipoprotein cholesterol for patients with coronary heart disease (χ2 =37 .540 ,31 .576 ,19 .066 ,22 .866 ;P<0 .01) .Conclusion Comparing to any blood lipid test ,total cholesterol to high density lipopro‐tein cholesterol ratio is a marker that helps us estimate the risk of developing coronary heart disease .Ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol may be as a test estimating the risk of developing coronary heart disease .

Aim To investigate interaction of CJX1,an amlodipine derivative,with ATPase activity of human P-glycoprotein.Methods Plasma membranes were prepared from K562/DOX cells,the P-gp adenosine triphosphatase activity of K562/DOX cell membranes was estimated by measuring inorganic phosphate liberation.Results The basal P-gp ATPase activity was increased by CJX1 with half-maximal activity concentration (Km) of (8.6?1.4) ?mol?L-1,CJX1 might interact with P-gp with a higher affinity and exhibit more potent effect than Verapamil (Ver).Kinetic analysis indicated a non-competitive inhibition of Ver-stimulated P-gp ATPase activity by CJX1 and a competitive inhibition of CJX1-stimulated P-gp ATPase activity by tetrandrine (Tet),moreover,the effect of CsA on CJX1-stimulated and Ver-stimulated P-gp ATPase activity showed a non-competitive and a competitive inhibition respectively.Conclusion CJX1 and Tet can bind P-gp on overlapping sites,while CJX1 and Ver as well as CsA can bind P-gp on separated sites in K562/DOX cells.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrest (CA) is a critical condition that is a concern to healthcare workers. Comparative studies on extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR) technologies have shown that ECPR is superior to CCPR. However, there is a lack of studies that compare the protective effects of these two resuscitative methods on organs. Therefore, we aim to perform experiments in swine models of ventricular fibrillation-induced CA to study whether the early application of ECPR has advantages over CCPR in the lung injury and to explore the protective mechanism of ECPR on the post-resuscitation pulmonary injury. METHODS: Sixteen male swine were randomized to CCPR (CCPR; n=8; CCPR alone) and ECPR (ECPR; n=8; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with CCPR) groups, with the restoration of spontaneous circulation at 6 hours as an endpoint. RESULTS: For the two groups, the survival rates between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05), the blood and lung biomarkers were statistically significant (P<0.05), and the extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability index were statistically significant (P<0.01). Compared with the ECPR group, electron microscopy revealed mostly vacuolated intracellular alveolar type II lamellar bodies and a fuzzy lamellar structure with widening and blurring of the blood-gas barrier in the CCPR group. CONCLUSIONS: ECPR may have pulmonary protective effects, possibly related to the regulation of alveolar surface-active proteins and mitigated oxidative stress response post-resuscitation.

This aticle introduced the process of Botulinum toxin from toxin to drug, as well as the application in Spastic Cerebral Palsy such as dose, therapeutic estimation and side-effect etc.

Brucellosis ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male

Objective To identify the effect of specialized language training on the speech rehabilitation of total laryngectomy (TL)patients.Methods Twenty-seven TL patients were trained for esophageal speech by specialized speech-language pathologists from October 2005 to December 2006.Then the participants were followed and evaluated their esophageal speech level after one cycle of training program,1 month,3 months,6 months and 12 months after training program.Results The score of participants' esophageal speech was steadily improved during the 12 months after participating the training program.The score of esophageal speech greatly increased in the third month,and this significant improvement was kept until 12 months after the training program.The esophageal speech quality was negatively correlated with age and surgery area of patients.Conclusions Specialized speech-language training showed positive effect on esophageal speech rehabilitation,and esophageal speech training by specialists is worthy of wide application.

Animals ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Neoplasm ; genetics ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics