Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis(PGD) is a pre-gestational diagnostic technique used to identify genetic defects in embryos created through in vitro fertilization prior to transfer into the uterus.It is currently the only option available to avoid the dilemma of a pregnancy termination due to unfavorable prenatal diagnosis of high risk genetic diseases,however,the limitation of this technique could result in uncertain results.To avoid ethics disputes,patients must undergo a medical informed consent process to fully understand the risks prior to undergoing PGD.This process is often hampered by the patients' restricted recognition ability.Here we discuss possible strategies to help patients completely comprehend the critical issues relating to PGD,including comprehensiveness of PGD related information,and all possible benefits and risks of currently available operational and detection techniques.Based on this, It is necessary to sign a detailed medical informed consent according to different inherited disease.

Histologic and histochemical studies were made upon the collagen and ground substance of the callus and diaphyseal bone at the fracture site in the tibia of rabbits. The main findings were as follows: 1. It was found that the acid mucopolysaccharides were most abundant in the cartilagenous callus, moderate in the newly formed bone trabeculae (fiber bone) and very scanty in the diaphyseal bone and the compact bone after remodelling of the fiber bone, being found only in the wall of lacunae, around the Haversian canals and at the cement lines. 2. In the ground substance of newly formed bone callus and cartilagenous callus, a PAS positive substance was found. The PAS reaction did not run parallelly with the positive reactions for acid mucopolysaccharides in these calluses. It was assumed that there was another mucopolysaccharide present, probably a neutral mucopolysaccharide. 3. During the process of remodelling of fiber bone callus into compact bone, the collagen, acid mucopolysaccharides and PAS positive substance were closely bound together, as evidenced by the disappearance of the positive staining reactions previously found in these components. 4. The matrix of the necrotic ends of the bone fragments and pieces of necrotic bone between the fracture ends were often enveloped and actually invaded by the newly formed bone. Beside osteoclastic activity, this may be a was one way of removal of the necrotic bone. The mechanism needs further clarification.

In an effort to search for more potent antibacterial drugs, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of fifteen fosfomycin derivatives at 35℃ for 24h against S. aureus, Enterococcus, P.aeruginosa and Eschericha coli were determined, respectively. Preliminary antibacterial results showed that five derivatives of them were more potent than reference substance (Ⅳa) against some bacteria. Take compound Ⅳg for example, its antibacterial activity was three times as potent as that of compound Ⅳa against S.aureus. The structure-activity relationship of fosfomycin derivatives was investigated according to the mechanism of fosfomycin antibacterial action at molecular level which was pointed by Smeyers et al.

In order to investigate the effects of simvastatin on secretion and mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Production and mRNA expression of IL-6 and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. The results showed that simvastatin could significantly suppress LPS-induced IL-6 production and mRNA expression in adipocytes (P<0.05), but increase the LPS-induced adiponectin secretion and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). It was suggested that simvastatin could exert beneficial effects on prevention of obesity-induced metabolic changes in adipocytes.

[Objective] To confirm the effects of Neiguan massaged to prevent ache nausea and vomit after laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC).[Methods] 400 patients were randomly divide into 2 groups;the group 1 were treated by Neiguan massage during the LC,the group 2 nothing during the operation.[Results]Group 1 suffered the same ache in the 1st hour as group 2,but less in the last 24h,and less nausea and vomit too.[Conclusions ]Neiguan massage could obviously prevent ache nausea and vomit after LC.

AIM: To investigate the effect of ecdysterone (EDS) on H9c2 cardiomyocytes after oxidative stress.METHODS:H9c2 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into control group, high dose (2 μmol/L) of EDS group, middle dose (1.5 μmol/L) of EDS group, low dose (1 μmol/L) of EDS group, and H2O2 group.H9c2 cardio-myocytes in H 2 O2 group and high , middle and low doses of EDS groups were exposed to H 2 O2 for 6 h to establish the model of oxidative stress.The viability of the H9c2 cells was detected by CCK-8 assay.The apoptosis of H9c2 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.The levels of lactate dehydogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in the culture medium, and the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the H9c2 cells were measured by colorime-try.The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated by flow cy-tometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy .The protein levels of Bax , Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 in the H9c2 cells were determined by Western blot .RESULTS:Ecdysterone at the selected concentrations had no effect on the viability of H9c2 cells.Compared with control group, the levels of LDH, CK-MB, ROS and MDA, and the apoptotic rates of the H9c2 cells were significantly increased after treated with H 2 O2 , but were decreased by EDS treatment in a dose-dependent man-ner.The levels of SOD and mitochondrial membrane potential of the H 9c2 cells in H2 O2 group were reduced significantly compared with control group , but high, middle and low doses of EDS treatments up-regulated the levels of SOD and mito-chondrial membrane potential in H 2 O2-treated H9c2 cells.The protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in the H9c2 cells in H2 O2 group showed significant elevation in comparison with control group , and the protein expression of Bcl-2 de-clined in H2 O2 group compared with control group , but high, middle and low doses of ecdysterone treatments down-regula-ted the protein levels of Bax , cleaved caspase-3 and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 in H2 O2-treated H9c2 cells. CONCLUSION:Ecdysterone attenuates the effect of H 2O2-induced oxidative stress on H9c2 cardiomyocytes.The mecha-nism may be involved in scavenging oxidative stress products , increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and improving mito-chondrial function .

Objective To analyze the expression of secreted aspartyl proteinases (Sap) in human vaginal infection in vivo. Methods Vaginal swabs were collected from 9 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with vaginal candidiasis, and the expression of Sap1-6 was evaluated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using specific primer sets. Results The Sap2 and Sap5 were the most common genes expressed in the patients with vaginal candidiasis. The expression Sap3 and Sap4 was detected in all subjects. All six Sap genes were simultaneously expressed in some patients with vaginal candidiasis. Conclusion The data shows that the Sap genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of vaginal candidiasis.

AIM:to investigate the effects of extract of ginkgo biloba (EGB) on human tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor-?1.METHODS: HK2 cells were induced to epithelial-mesenchymal transition by transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1, 10 ?g/L). EGB was added into the medium of HK2 cells 2 h before TGF-?1 was added. The expressions of E-cadherin, ?-smooth muscle actin (?-SMA), NADPH oxidase p67phox and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined by Western blotting. Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the mediums of HK2 cells was detected. RESULTS: EGB significantly attenuated the downregulation of E-cadherin, the upregulation of ?-SMA and p67phox, the downregulation of SOD and the upregulation of MDA in HK2 cells induced by TGF-?1.CONCLUSION: EGB significantly attenuates human tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-?1, and its underlying mechanism is that EGB attenuates the upregulation of p67phox and the downregulation of SOD induced by TGF-?1.

Objective To study the possible role of cytokines interleukin-1beta(IL-1?),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-8(IL-8),tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-?)and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF)in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.Methods The serum levels of IL-?,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-?,and GM-CSF were measured in50patients with vitiligo and20healthy volunteers with radioimmunoassay.Results The serum level of IL-6and GM-CSF in focal type and generalized type of vitiligo,and the serum level of IL-1?in generalized type were significantly higher than those in normal controls.In segmental type of vitiligo,the serum levels of all the cytokines tested were not significantly different from those in normal controls.The GM-CSF levels in focal type and generalized type,and the IL-6level in generalized type of the progressive stage were significantly higher than those in the stable stage.Conclusion IL-6and GM-CSF may be involved in the autoimmune mechanism of non-segmental type of vitiligo.

Adult ; Endocarditis, Bacterial ; complications ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; diagnosis ; etiology