Aims: Linezolid has become a decisive therapy in treating infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Currently, the emergence of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus further complicates the therapeutic options and leads to global health threat not only in hospital setting but in the community. The study aimed at antimicrobial pattern of Enterococcus isolated from 6 poultry farms in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methodology and results: Between February and December 2019, 300 broiler cloacal swab sample (Gallus gallus domesticus) were collected and screened for linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) using a standard biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Among all the samples, 32.3% (n=97/300) grew Enterococcus, 71.1% (n=69/97) of it were identified Enterococcus casseliflavus by molecular identification, whilst remaining isolates 28.9% (n=28/97) were further identified as Enterococcus gallinarum by 16S rRNA sequencing. None of the isolates were found to exhibit high-level resistance to vancomycin. However, 3/97 (3.1%) were exhibit resistance to high-level gentamicin based on Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Whereas 48/97 (49.5%) of isolates were observed to be resistant to ampicillin, 28/97 (28.9%) were resistant to penicillin. Surprisingly, among the two strains isolated, 18.6% (n=18/97) of it were resistant to linezolid. Isolates showed resistance to linezolid by disk diffusion test were verified by VITEK-2 automated system (bioMérieux, USA) with MIC ≥8 µg/mL. All antimicrobial susceptibility test and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) results were interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Conclusion, significance and impact of study In conclusion, this study has reported the prevalence of linezolid resistant Enterococcus (LRE) in highly intrinsic antibiotic resistant of E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum in Malaysia poultry farms, alongside with the truancy of vanA strains. The emergence of LRE strains is an alarming problem to the animal husbandry and healthcare setting worldwide. This could lead to potentially untreatable and life-threatening enterococcal infections. Even more worrying is the spread of LRE to geographical regions where these strains were previously unreported, which may pose a global health threat. Antimicrobial surveillance in poultry husbandry is thus, dimly necessary to prevent wide spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Linezolid ; Enterococcus ; Farms

We investigated the antibiotic susceptibility of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE). Seventy consecutive GRE were tested. Sixty-two isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium (88.6%), and 8 (11.4%) as Enterococcus faecalis. All strains were susceptible to linezolid and daptomycin, while 17.1% (12/70) and 11.4% (8/70) were resistant to quinupristin/dalfopristin (QD) and tigecycline, respectively. All E. faecalis isolates were resistant to QD, while 4 of 62 (6.5%) E. faecium isolates were resistant to QD. All E. faecalis isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, while 14.5% (9/62) E. faecium isolates were resistant. Continued surveillance of GRE antibiotic susceptibilities is important for combating these multi-resistant nosocomial pathogens.
Daptomycin* ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Enterococcus faecium ; Linezolid ; Teicoplanin

Peritonitis is one of the major complications of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Multidrug-resistant organisms, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), have been reported as pathogens of CAPD-associated peritonitis. The incidence of hospital-associated infections caused by VRE has recently increased. Some drugs, such as linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin, have been introduced as treatments of VRE infection. However, there is limited information about the effects of VRE-associated CAPD peritonitis. We present a case of successful treatment of CAPD peritonitis caused by VRE with quinupristin/dalfopristin and include a review of the literature.
Acetamides ; Humans ; Incidence ; Oxazolidinones ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory ; Peritonitis ; linezolid

The incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) meningitis is increasing. We present a 56-year-old man who suffered from VRE meningitis after cerebellar hemorrhage and intraventricular catheter insertion. The patient recovered completely after treatment with linezolid for 6 weeks. This is the first report on effectiveness of linezolid in treating VRE meningitis in Korea.
Acetamides ; Catheters ; Enterococcus ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Meningitis ; Middle Aged ; Oxazolidinones ; Linezolid

Lactic acidosis is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis in hospitalized patients. Although impaired tissue oxygenation is usually responsible for the rise in lactate production, lactic acidosis could be caused by drugs including metformin and the nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, is currently indicated to treat serious infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and other gram-positive organisms. A 74-year old woman was found to have pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis and treated with linezolid. Thirty-one days after linezolid therapy, she developed severe lactic acidosis. We report a case of lactic acidosis associated with prolonged linezolid therapy.
Acetamides ; Acidosis ; Acidosis, Lactic ; Enterococcus ; Female ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Metformin ; Osteomyelitis ; Oxazolidinones ; Oxygen ; Linezolid

Postoperative meningitis after spinal surgery is a rare complication that can result in a life-threatening condition. Linezolid (LZD) is an oxazolidinone which has been approved in Japan for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The authors encountered a case of postoperative meningitis with cerebrospinal fluid leakage (liquorrhoea) that occurred after resection of a cervical cord tumor. The infection was caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis(MRSE). Debridement and suture of the dura matter was carried out. LZD was given intravenously. The infection was cured without any sequelae. Based on this result, we concluded that LZD might be considered as one of the first choices for the treatment of postsurgical meningitis caused by MRSE.
Acetamides ; Debridement ; Humans ; Japan ; Meningitis ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Oxazolidinones ; Staphylococcus ; Sutures ; Linezolid

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic consumption by adult patients at a single university hospital in Korea between 2001 and 2012. METHODS: We used the 2004 World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System definition of defined daily doses (DDD) per 1,000 patient-days to calculate the annual antibiotic consumption for 18 antibiotic groups. Chi-square linear-by-linear analysis was performed to evaluate antibiotic consumption trends for each group. RESULTS: Average annual antibiotic consumption during 2001-2012 was 644.6 DDD/1,000 patient-days (standard deviation, 33.3 DDD/1,000 patient-days). Although no statistically significant change was observed during the study period, consumption of first- and second-generation cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides was significantly decreased, while that of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors, fourth-generation cephalosporins, carbapenem, glycopeptide, linezolid, colistin, and quinolone increased significantly. CONCLUSION: The total amount of prescribed antibiotics did not change, but the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics increased during the study period.
Adult ; Aminoglycosides ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cephalosporins ; Classification ; Colistin ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Korea ; World Health Organization ; Linezolid

Peritonitis is one of the major complications of CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis). Among its causative organisms, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) is rare, but serious causative organism, because it is refractory to antibiotics commonly used for CAPD peritonitis. Some drugs such as linezolid and dalfopristin have been introduced for VRE infections nowadays, but reports about usefulness of those drugs in VRE peritonitis are rare. We experienced a case of CAPD peritonitis caused by VRE, which was treated successfully with removal of CAPD catheter and use of linezolid. We report our experience with review of the literature.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Catheters ; Enterococcus ; Humans ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory* ; Peritonitis* ; Linezolid

C. striatum is part of the normal skin and mucous membrane flora in humans and is widely disseminated in the environment. Traditionally, these strains have been considered contaminants. However, C. striatum has been linked to respiratory infection, bacteremia, and endocarditis; and it is strongly related to nosocomial outbreaks. At present, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) is the most accurate routine identification method. Many C. striatum strains are multi-drug resistant, being susceptible only to vancomycin and linezolid. We should survey the antimicrobial susceptibility results regularly to monitor its resistance and consider it a possible pathogen.
Bacteremia ; Corynebacterium* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Endocarditis ; Humans ; Linezolid ; Mass Spectrometry ; Methods ; Mucous Membrane ; Skin ; Vancomycin

BACKGROUND: Daptomycin is a novel cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that exhibits in vitro bactericidal activity against gram-positive pathogens including methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The aim of this study is to determine the in vitro activities of daptomycin against recent clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 117 clinical strains of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci were isolated at a tertiary-care hospital in Korea in 2004. Susceptibility to daptomycin was tested by the CLSI broth microdilution method using Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) which was adjusted to contain a final concentration of 50 microgram/mL of ionized calcium (Ca2+). Susceptibilities to ampicillin, oxacillin, levofloxacin, vancomycin, and linezolid were tested by the CLSI agar dilution method. RESULTS: All isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were inhibited by 1 microgram/mL of daptomycin, and MIC90s were 1 microgram/mL, which were similar to those of vancomycin and linezolid. MIC90s of daptomycin for vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium were 0.5 microgram/mL and 2 microgram/mL, respectively, and all isolates were susceptible to daptomycin. MIC90s of linezolid and levofloxacin for vancomycin-resistant enterococci were 1-2 microgram/mL and 64 microgram/mL, respectively. Resistance rates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium to levofloxacin were 100% and 96%, respectively. Daptomycin MICs in MHB supplemented to 20-25 microgram/ml of Ca2+ were 2-8 fold higher than those in MHB supplemented to 50 microgram/mL of Ca2+. CONCLUSION: Daptomycin is very active in vitro against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated in Korea, and it is important to test in vitro activity of daptomycin using MHB containing 50 microgram/mL of Ca2+.
Agar ; Ampicillin ; Calcium ; Daptomycin* ; Korea* ; Levofloxacin ; Linezolid ; Methicillin Resistance* ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Oxacillin ; Vancomycin