Noninfectious diarrhea is a kind of digestive disease caused by many factors and the main clinical features are increased frequency of defecation and change of character of stool,most of the patients have intestinal microecological imbalance. Improving the intestinal microecological balance is very important in the treatment of noninfectious diarrhea. Microbial ecological agent(MEA)has definite efficacy for the treatment of noninfectious diarrhea,and gradually becomes the commonly used drug for noninfectious diarrhea in clinical practice. This article reviewed the use of MEA in the treatment of noninfectious diarrhea.

With the change of modern medical model and the rapid development of medical technology,medical humanities education in higher medical education has obviously been weakened and has obvious deficiencies.We should fully understand the importance and the necessity of medical humanities education during cultivating medical students.We should also improve medical humanities curriculum system,construct teaching staff combining with different majors,intensify the cultivation of humanistic quality in practice and organically combine ideological and political with humanistic education,and perfect evaluation system,etc.Inall We should explore the effective way of medical humanities education in many aspects.

Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of radiofrenquency ablation(RFA) with other therapeutic methods for patients with early hepatocelluar carcinoma(HCC). Methods Randomized clinical trials(RCTs)which compared the efficacy or safety of RFA with other therapeutic methods for primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Cochrane library,EMBASE,PubMed,OVID and CBM were searched.Trials were considered of high quality if methodological quality score was 3 or more according to Jadad standard.Statistical heterogeneity between trials was evaluated bv STATA 9.0 and considered to exist when P＜0.1.Heterogeneity of the included articles was tested and used to select proper effective model for calculation.Sensitivity analysis was performed and publication bias was investigated through visual inspection of funnel plots and Egger regression model.Results Six RCTs including 862 cases were analyzed.As compared with other therapeutic approaches,RFA significandy increased 3-year overall survival rate and reduced local recurrence rate of early hepatocelluar carcinoma:the total OR were 2.06(95%CI being 1.54-2.77,P=0.000)and 0.40(95%CI being 0.28-0.57,P=0.000)respectively.As compared with other therapeutic approaches,the total OR of new HCC recurrence rates,extrahepatic metastasis rate and major complications in patients with HCC treated with RFA were 0.92 (95%CI being 0.68-1.24),0.98(95%CI being 0.30-3.22),1.35(95%CI being 0.49-3.77)respectively,showing no significant differences(P＞0.05).Inspection of the funnel plots for all outcome measures did not reveal evidence of publication bias(P=0.670,0.160,0.884,0.087,0.317,respectively,by Egger regression model).Conclusions RFA is superior to other treatment methods with respect to local recurrence and 3 year overall survival in early HCC and is the preferred tberapeutic method for small HCC because it is minimally invasive,simple and convenient.

The growing number of cognitive dysfunction patients is bringing heavy mental and financial burdens to the society and families.Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv), which consist of delayed rectifier potassium channels and transient outward po -tassium channels , are involved in the incidence of cognitive dysfunction .This review summarized the role of Kv channels in cognitive dysfunction and their relationship with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors ( NMDARs) that play an important role in the process of learning and memory .

Diabetic cognitive dysfunction is one of the important complications of diabetes mellitus .Insulin plays an important protective role in cognitive function through MAPK and PI 3-K/Akt signaling pathway .Insulin resistance may give rise to excessive tau protein phosphorylation , formation of neurofibrillary tangles inhibits insulin degrading enzyme , reduces the degradation of amyloid β;enhances oxidative stress , further damages the integrity of the neu-ronal structure and function and eventually leads to cognitive dysfunction .

Crohn’s disease( CD)is a gastrointestinal progressive granulomatous disease with unknown etiology. It is characterized as active stage alternating with remission stage,long-term course with many complications,sometimes needing surgery and having the tendency of relapse in patient ’s whole life. Therefore,it is important to define an effective therapeutic endpoint to ameliorate the natural course of CD. This article reviewed the progress in defining treatment endpoint of CD.

Inflammatory bowel disease( IBD)includes ulcerative colitis( UC)and Crohn’s disease( CD),its incidence is increasing yearly in our country. With the progress of molecular biology,genetics,the understanding of IBD is deepen,however,the exact pathogenesis of IBD is still not fully clear,and it may be related to gene,environment, immunity,microorganism. Studies have shown that smoking,vitamin D,sex hormones,emotions,diet may be related with the occurrence of IBD. This article reviewed the role of environmental factors in IBD.

Objective To explore the relationship among structural empowerment,psychological empowerment and nurses' job burnout,and to provide new approach for relieving nurses' job burnout.Methods Conditions for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire-Ⅱ (CWEQ-Ⅱ),Psychological Empowerment Scale (PES),and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were used to investigate 233 nurses working at three general tertiary-level hospitals in Tianjin.Results The total scores of structural empowerment,psychological empowerment,and burnout were (43.498 ±9.977),(38.871 ±7.052) and (45.489 ± 11.331),respectively.Relevant Analysis results showed that structural empowerment,psychological empowerment and nurses' job burnout had significant correlation,and the absolute value of coefficient of correlation between 0.358-0.560.The structural equation modeling results showed that fit indexes for fully mediating effect model were excellent(x2 =57.703,x2/df =1.202,GFI =0.965,AGFI =0.933,NFI =0.948,RFI =0.916,IFI =0.991,TLI =0.985,CFI =0.991,RMSEA =0.030,CN =263).Structural empowerment had a positive significant influence on psychological empowerment; structural empowerment and psychological empowerment had a negative significant influence on nurses' job burnout; psychological empowerment played a fully mediating role between structural empowerment and nurses' job burnout.Conclusion Nurse psychological empowerment has direct effect on job burnout.Nurse structrual empowerment affects job burnout via the full effects of psychological empowerment.

Cultivation of medical students' clinical practice is an important part of higher medical education.At present,the imbalance of teachers structure and the old and single teaching mode and method etc,have had a great impact on the clinical practice of medical students.Only by strengthening the construction of clinical teachers,establishing access and assessment system of clinical teachers,carring out diverse clinical education reform,such as Problem-Based Learning ( PBL )and Case-Based Learning ( CBL ),etc,and fully mobilizing the initiative of students and enthusiasm for learning to reach teaching and learning complement in virtuous circle.can we truly improve the quality of clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the effect of recombinant intestinal trefoil factor(rITF)on the intestinal mucosa of acute necrotizing pancreatitis(ANP)rats and explore the mechanism.Methods 60 male SD rats were randomly divided into control group(n=20),ANP group(n=20),rITF group(n=20).ANP was induced by retrograde injection of 5%sodium taurocholate(100μl/100 g)into biliopancreatic duct.Rats in rITF group were injected with rITF(0.5 mg/100 g)before and after ANP induction.The rats in ANP group and control group received same amount of normal sailne.Each group were sacrificed 12 h or 24 h later.respectively.Blood sample was taken to determine the serum level of amylase.Terminal ileum was resected to observe the pathologic changes;immunohistochemistry method was applied to detect the activity of NF-κB;the expression of TNF-α mRNA,ICAM-1 mRNA in intestinal mucosa was measured by RT-PCR.Results Intestinal injury score of ANP group was higher than that ofcontrol group(P＜0.05),intestinal injury score of ANP 12 h group was higher than that of rITF 12 h group(P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference between ANP 24 h group and rITF 24 h group.The number of positive NF-κB cells was 26±4,55±8,49±4,respectively;the relatively expression of TNF-α mRNA in terminal ileum was 0.050±0.005,1.040±0.031 and 0.792±0.0256,respectively;the relatively expression of ICAM-1 mBNA was 0.045±0.010,0.795±0.037 and 0.400±0.031,respectively,in control group,ANP group and rITF 12 h group.The corresponding values in the ANP group were significantly increased compared with those values in the control group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusions rITF may protect the intestinal mucosa.the mechanism may include inhibit NF-κB activation,down-regulate TiNF-α mBNA,ICAM-1 mRNA expression.