Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) after feeding high-fat-diet for 8 weeks,and divided into diabetes group and tumor necrosis factorrelated apoptosis ligand(TRAIL) group.Normal rats severed as a control group.Treatment with TRAIL lasted for 3 months.Total cholesterol,triglycerides,low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol,blood glucose,and insulin levels were decreased in TRAIL group,as compared with diabetes group.Area of atherosclerotic lesion in TRAIL group [(23.8 ± 5.7) ％] was significantly smaller than that in diabetes group [(47.6 ± 7.8) ％].It suggested that TRAIL may reduce the area of atherosclerotic lesion in diabetic rats.

Background Perineural invasion is an important biological character for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of lacrimal gland,which is different from those of other lacrimal gland tumors.As the important part of neurotrophic factors,glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays an important role in perineural invasion for ACC of salivary gland.GDNF regulation in the ACC cell biology function needs to be further explored.Objective This study was to investigate the effect of GDNF on proliferation and migration of ACC cells,and to explore the mechanism of neural invasion in ACC of lacrimal gland.Methods ACC-2 cell line was cultured and passaged in RPMI 1640 medium with 10％ fetal bovine serum,100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 g/L streptomycin.Single-cell suspension was prepared with the density of 2×104/ml using logarithmic phase of cells and then incubated to 96-well plate.GDNF with the final concentration of 20,60,80,100 and 120 μg/L was added into the medium respectively in the experimental groups,and the cells were cultured in the medium without GDNF as the control group.The expression of GDNF in ACC-2 cells was detected by immunohistochemistry.MTT assay was employed to assay the absorbance value at the wavelength of 570 nm (A570) for the evaluation of proliferation of ACC-2 cells after cultured by different concentrations of GDNF for different time points.Meanwhile,transwell chamber was used to examine the cell migrated number.Results Immunochemistry assay exhibited that ACC-2 cells showed the positive response for GDNF with the brown staining in the cytoplasm.In 48 hours after culture,the A570 value was elevated with the increase of GDNF concentration,showing a significant difference among various groups (F =3.336,P =0.026),and the A570 value in various concentrations of GDNF groups was higher than that of 0 μg/L GDNF group (all P＜0.05).After action of 80 μg/L GDNF,the A570 value of the cells was gradually increased with the prolong of culture time (Ftime =39.979,P=0.000).In 30 minutes after GDNF cultured,the number of migrated cells increased with the increase of GDNF concentration (F=144.886,P=0.000).ACC-2 cells were cultured by 100 μg/L GDNF for 24,30 and 40 hours,the number of migrated cells were more as the time lapse,and more migrated cells were seen in GDNF group at various time points (Ftime =46.747,P =0.000 ; Fgroup =63.786,P =0.000).Conclusions GDNF can stimulate the proliferation and migration of ACC-2 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner.

Glioma is the most common form of brain cancer. Despite recent advances in the treatment of solid tumors, there are few effective treatments for malignant gliomas due to its infiltrative nature. It has important significance to improve the treatment of glioma through in-depth understanding the intracerebral metabolic characteristics and pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutics. Brain microdialysis (B-MD), an effective method to monitor central nervous system anticancer drug disposition, conditions of drugs through the blood-brain barrier, basic pathophysiologic metabolism, bioactive compounds and the changes of neurotransmitter in brain, provides the unique opportunity to allow the simultaneous determination of unbound concentrations of drugs in several tissues, and directly measure gliomas biochemistry continuously. B-MD has been able to monitor the change of brain drugs, metabolites and neurotransmitters, dynamic analysis of the drug concentration and pharmacological effect after administration, pharmacodynamic interaction between drugs, receptor mechanism of drug transport, as well as feedback information of internal environment. B-MD is expected to provide reference for clinical individual chemotherapy of glioma, but also provide powerful tools for the evaluation of new anticancer drugs in vivo. In this review, a comprehensive overview of B-MD for studies on glioma is elucidated with special emphasis on its application to neurochemistry and pharmacokinetic studies.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacokinetics ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Glioma ; metabolism ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Metabolomics ; methods ; Microdialysis ; methods ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; pharmacokinetics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; metabolism ; Positron-Emission Tomography

Objective To observe the effect of apigenin on the recovery of neurological function following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and investigate its mechanism. Methods Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into a sham-operated group, a model group and an apigenin-treated group. A transient ( 1.5 h) focal cerebral ischemia-reperfu-sion model was established in the rats of the model and apigenin-treated groups. In the sham-operated rats the middle cere-bral artery was not occluded. The rats in the apigenin-treated group received an intra-abdominal injection of apigenin, and the rats in the other two groups received injections of normal saline solution. Neurological behavior scores were assessed in accordance with the Zea Longa method at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour and the 7th day after reperfusion. Cellular and sub-cellular morphology were observed with an optical microscope and an electron microscope, and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured using ELISA. Results Neurological function improved by the 7th day after reperfusion in the model group, but improved significantly by the 72nd hour after reperfusion in the apigenin-treated group. Average TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the model group and the apigenin-treated group were significantly higher than in the sham-operated group. Av-erage TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the apigenin-treated group were significantly lower than in the model group at the 48th and 72nd hour after reperfusion. Neurological behavior scores had a positive correlation with the IL-1β and TNF-α levels. In the model group, obvious intracellular and intercellular edema and vacuolization were observed in the ischemic cortices and hippocampuses, with remarkable karyopycnosis and organelle broadening and dissolution and vacuolization in glial cells and neurons. In the apigenin-treated group, similar but significantly milder morphological changes were observed. Conclusion Apigenin can promote the recovery of neurological function in rats by downregulating the expression of TNF-α and IL-1βfollowing focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.

This paper concluded and analyzed the application of objectivc structured clinical examination (OSCE) in clinical bilingual education.It explored the promotion and inhibition effects of OSCE on bilingual teaching by discussing its implementation process,introduction pattern,advantages,disadvantages and feedback from teachers and students.

BACKGROUND: The functional gene fragments integrate into gene vector, which is then transfacted into target cells or joint cavity, through the transgenic target cells continue to secrete a large number of functional gene product, local therapeutic concentrations could be maintained within a long period of time, thus repairing articular cartilage injury. OBJECTIVE: To transfect rabbit articular chondrocytes using recombinant retroviral vector-mediated transforming growth factor-βl (TGFβ_1) in vitro, and to observe its expression and its effect on biological characters of chondrocytes. METHODS: Rabbit chondrocytas were isolated by use of trypsin digestion method. Vector was PLNCX_2 Hind Ⅲ/Not Ⅰ doubly digested and dephosphorylated, connected with some multiple cloning sites and RFP gene following pDsRed_2 double digestion, to build PLNCX_2-RFP. TGFβ_1 gene was amplified from the PGEMT-TGF and connected with PLNCX_2-RFP following double digestion, to build PLNCX_2-TGFβ_1-RFP. Subsequent to packaging retroviral vector, viral supernatant titer was detected. The cultured and transfected chondrocytes in rabbit knee joint were divided into 3 groups: control group (without any transfection), transfected PLNCX_2 group and transfected PLNCX_2-TGFβ_1-RFP group, continued screening 2 weeks to observe the cellular changes. Cell supematant transfected stably were collected for detecting the effect of gene transfection on the chondrocytes with NO detection kit, ELISA assay was applied to determine human TGFβ_1 expression in cell culture supernatant. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The recombinant gene PLNCX_2-TGFβ_1-RFP was identified correct sequence by the enzyme digestion sequencing TGFβ_1 and RFP, which showed that the eukaryotic expression vector PLNCX_2-TGFβ_1-RFP had been successfully built as expectation. They were then transfected into packaging calls and cultured, the virus titer was defined as 1×10~6 CFU. Following stable transfection of cartilage cells, red fluorescence can be observed, proving successful transfection. After continuous screening 2 weeks, the scattered adherent calls formed positive clones, and gradually diffusely integrated, cell clusters appeared with common dual cores, the calls proliferated actively. NO concentration in the transfected PLNCX_2-TGFβ_1-RFP group was higher than that of transfected PLNCX_2 group (P < 0.05), no difference was significant between control group and transfected PLNCX_2 group. The control group and the group transfected PLNCX_2 showed no TGFβ_1 expression, while TGFβ_1 concentration was (28.08±3.73) ng/L in the transfected PLNCX_2-TGFβ_1-RFP group. PLNCX_2 ratroviral vector-mediated human TGFβ_1 can be effectively transfected into rabbit knee joint cartilage cells and obtain stable expression, while the transfected cartilage calls proliferate actively.

Objective To investigate the influence of bushenhuoxue drug-containing serum on PI3K and Akt signaling pathway in purified retinal ganglion cell (RGCs) in vitro of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats,and to explore the protective mechanisms of bushenhuoxue recipe on RGCs.Methods At first,bushenhuoxue drug-containing serum was prepared,and the RGCs of SD rats were purified;after the apoptotic model of pressurized and purified RGCs was established successfully in vitro using open pressure control system,RGCs were dealt with 50 g · L-1,100 g · L-1,200 g · L-1 concentration gradient of bushenhuoxue drug-containing serum.Then the subjected cells were divided into normal culture group (N group),control group (C group),50 g · L-1 bushenhuoxue group (50 g · L-1 BSHX group),100 g · L-1 bushenhuoxue group (100 g · L-1 BSHX group),200 g · L-1 bushenhuoxue group (200 g · L-1 BSHX group).Finally,cell apoptotic rate was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining,while real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of PI3K and Akt in each group respectively.Results The results of qRT-PCR detection showed that PI3K,Akt mRNA expression level in C group (0.04 ±0.01) was decreased compared with N group (1.00 ± 0.04),and the difference was statistically significant (all P＜0.05),while PI3K,Akt mRNA levels in 50 g · L-1,100 g · L-1 and 200 g · L-1 BXHX group (0.18 ±0.01,0.21 ±0.02,0.22 ±0.01,0.36 ±0.01,0.84 ±0.10,1.07 ± 0.17) were increased compared with the C group,and the difference was statistically significant (all P ＜0.05).The Western blot results of each group showed that PI3K,Akt protein expression level in C group was decreased compared with N group,with statistical difference (all P ＜ 0.05),while PI3 K,Akt protein expression levels in 50 g · L-1,100 g · L-1 and 200 g · L-1 BSHX group were increased compared with C group,with staffstical difference (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Bushenhuoxue drug-containing serum may inhibit the RGCs apoptosis induced by pressure,which may be related to the activation of PBK/Akt signal transduction pathway.

Background Bevacizumab has been widely used in the treatment of new blood vessel disease in ophthalmology.The investigation of the pharmacokinetics and safety after intracameral injection of bevacizumab can offer the basis for the management of iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma.Objective The present study was to observe the distribution of bevacizumab(avastin)in eye tissue and toxic effects following the injection of anterior chamber.Methods Twenty-four New Zealand albino rabbits were divided into two groups randomly.0.05 ml (1.25mg)of Bevacizumab was intracamerally injected into the left eyes in the experimental group,and a balanced salt solution of 0.05 ml was injected in the same way into the left eyes of the control group.The anterior segment of eyes and ocular fundus were examined by slit-lamp microscope and direct ophthalmoscope after injection.Intraocular pressure was measured and corneal endothelial microscopy was performed before and after the injections.Five rabbits of the two groups were sacrificed on the first day,the fourth day,the seventh day,the fourteenth day,and the thirtieth day after injection,and the eyeballs were enucleated for histopathological examination.The ultrastructure of eye tissue was observed under the transmission electron microscope on the fourth day and the thirtieth day,and then immunofluorescence staining were performed to assess the distribution of bevacizumab in the eye tissues.This experiment complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission(Version 1988).Results No abnormality in the cornea,lens,vitreous and retina was observed after the injection of bevacizumab under the slit lamp microscope and direct ophthalmoscope.No significant differences were found in intraocular pressure and corneal endothelial cell density in the bevacizumab group compared with the control group before injection and 2 hours,1 day,7 days,14 days,30 days after injection(P =0.760,P =0.956).No histopathological and ultrastructural changes of the cornea,lens,chamber angle,iris,ciliary body and retina were seen after the injection in the experimental group and control group under the light microscope and transmission electron microscope.Bevacizumab was distributed in the anterior chamber angle,iris,ciliary body,choroid and retina in injected eyes and fellow eyes after intracameral injection with red fluorescence and presented the dynamic changes with the lapse of time.The immunofluorescence response of eye tissue to bevacizumab was weaker in the fellow eyes compared with injected eyes.Bevacizumab was mainly distributed in the vessel wall and lumen.Conclusions Bevacizumab can quickly distribute in the vascular tissue of the anterior chamber angle,iris,ciliary body,choroid and retina in injected eyes after intracameral injection without obvious toxic effects to eye tissue.Bevacizumab administered intracamerally may be a new strategy or a joint strategy for iris neovascularisation.

· AlM: To study the effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells ( BMSCs ) and chondroitinaseABC ( ChABC ) on photoreceptor apoptosis in the retina of sodium iodate-induced rats.
·METHODS:Forty Sprague Dawley rats ( SD rats) were intraperitoneally injected with NalO3 (30g/L, 100mg/kg) to establish the retinal degeneration models ( postnatal 28d).These rats were devided into 4 groups.Group A was not injected, group B was injected with BMSCs, group C was injected with BMSCs and ChABC, and group D was injected with phosphate buffer saline ( PBS).After 28d, subretinal injection were applied. Hematoxyln - eosinstaining ( HE ) , tunel and immunohistochemistry were performed at 21d after subretinal injection.
· RESULTS: Photoreceptor number and photoreceptor apoptosis rate of B and C groups were more than those of A and D groups, and there was significant difference statistically ( P <0.05 ) . Photoreceptor number and photoreceptor apoptosis rate of group B were compared with those of group C, and there was no statistical significance between B and C groups ( P>0.05 ) .Glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP) was expressed by BMSCs after intraocular injection.
· CONCLUSlON: BMSCs and ChABC injected into subretinal space may alleviate photoreceptor apoptosis so as to protect retinal photoreceptor cells in degenerated rats.

Adult ; Arteries ; anatomy & histology ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Humans ; Larynx ; anatomy & histology ; blood supply ; Male ; Microsurgery