Objective: To analyze the volatile oil from the branches of Picrasma quassioides. Methods: Volatile oil was extracted from the branches of P. quassioides by steam distillation. GC-MS method was used to analyze the components. Results: A total of 49 compounds were isolated, and 46 compounds were successfully identified, which represented over 98% of the total oil composition. The major components of the volatile oil in the branches of P. quassioides included caryophyllene (12.83%), 12-oxabicyclo[9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene,1,5,5,8-tetramethyl-[1R-(1. R*,3. E,7. E,11-R*)] (12.29%), 1-hexanol (9.96%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methyletheyl)-[1. S-(1a,7a,8aa)] (7.32%), aromadendrene oxide-(2) (6.69%), and α-caryophyllene (3.88%). Conclusion: The major components in volatile oil are terpenoids, hydroxy compounds, and other acyclic alkane compounds. © 2013 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines.

Objective: Cistanche Herba was studied to explain the differences of the material basis before and after wine-fried processing, and to approach the scientific connotation for wine-fried Cistanches Herba with the functions of warming and tonifying kidney-Yang and avoiding side effects of slippery bowel diarrhea. Methods: The chemical analysis of crude and processed Cistanche Herba was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography method (UPLC) coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF/MS). The principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to distinguish the content variation between crude and processed Cistanche Herba. Results: The material basis for increased efficacy of wine-fried Cistanche Herba was studied for the first time. The contents of echinacoside, acteoside, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, sucrose, and inosine increased. Especially, the contents of echinacoside and acteoside increased significantly. The contents of 8-epiloganic acid, succinic acid, and geniposide decreased in the wine-fried Cistanche Herba. The most obvious chemical markers, such as echinacoside, acteoside, cistanoside A, and geniposide, could be used as index components to distinguish the crude and processed Cistanche Herba. Conclusion: The study is important for the processing principle of the processed Cistanche Herba and provides an important scientific basis for clarifying the effective material basis and avoiding the side effects of the wine-fried Cistanche Herba.

The study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PPK/PD) model of warfarin. PCR-RFLP technique was used to genotype the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms of 73 patients. RP-HPLC-UV method was used to determine the 190 plasma concentrations of warfarin. Application of NONMEM, the clinical information and 263 international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring data were used to investigate the effect of genetic, physiological, pathological factors, other medication on clearance and anticoagulant response. The final model of warfarin PPK/PD was described as follows: CL = θCL · (WT/60)θWT · θCYP · eηCL (if CYP2C9*1/*1, θCYP = 1; if *1/*3, θCYP = 0.708); EC50 = θEC50 · θVKOR · eηEC50 (if VKORC1- 1639AA, θVKOR = 1; if GA, θVKOR = 2.01; V = θV; K(E0) = θK(E0); Emax = θEmax; E0 = θE0 · eηE0. Among them, the body weight (WT), CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype had conspicuous effect on warfarin PK/PD parameters. The goodness diagnosis, Bootstrap, NPDE verification showed that the final model was stable, effective and predictable. It may provide a reference for opitimizing the dose regimen of warfarin.
Anticoagulants ; pharmacology ; Body Weight ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 ; genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; International Normalized Ratio ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases ; genetics ; Warfarin ; pharmacokinetics

The study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PPK/PD) model of warfarin. PCR-RFLP technique was used to genotype the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms of 73 patients. RP-HPLC-UV method was used to determine the 190 plasma concentrations of warfarin. Application of NONMEM, the clinical information and 263 international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring data were used to investigate the effect of genetic, physiological, pathological factors, other medication on clearance and anticoagulant response. The final model of warfarin PPK/PD was described as follows: CL = θCL · (WT/60)θWT · θCYP · eηCL (if CYP2C9*1/*1, θCYP = 1; if *1/*3, θCYP = 0.708); EC50 = θEC50 · θVKOR · eηEC50 (if VKORC1- 1639AA, θVKOR = 1; if GA, θVKOR = 2.01; V = θV; K(E0) = θK(E0); Emax = θEmax; E0 = θE0 · eηE0. Among them, the body weight (WT), CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype had conspicuous effect on warfarin PK/PD parameters. The goodness diagnosis, Bootstrap, NPDE verification showed that the final model was stable, effective and predictable. It may provide a reference for opitimizing the dose regimen of warfarin.

The main objective of this research is to investigate the effects of astragaloside IV, calycosin separately glucoside, formononetin on oxidative stress in Chang Liver cells induced by H2O2. In the experiments, Chang Liver cells (a kind of normal human hepatocytes) were used as the research object, bifendate which has a clear hepatoprotective effect was used as the positive control drug, then the oxidative damage model of Chang Liver cells were established by H2O2. Cells were divided into six groups: blank control group, oxidative stress group, astragaloside IV group, calycosin separately glucoside group, formononetin group and positive control group. Then endogenous antioxidant system related indexes were detected by micro plate and colorimetric method; intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by DCFH-DA fluorescent probe; and the expressions of CYP2E1 were evaluated by liver microsomes, mRNA, and protein, respectively with spectrophotometry, Real-time PCR method, and Western blot technique. Results showed that H2O2 decreased antioxidant activity, and increased ROS level and expression of CYP2E1. The above oxidative stress status had been changed with protections of the three components of Astragalus membranaceus (compared with oxidative stress group, P < 0.05, P < 0.01), which taken as a whole had equivalent effects as the drug of positive control group( bifendate). Taken together, three Astragalus membranaceus ingredients all had significant or extremely significant inhibiting effects on oxidative damaged Chang Liver cells which were induced by H2O2, and the oxidative damage of Chang Liver cells had been relieved.
Astragalus membranaceus ; chemistry ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; metabolism ; Humans ; Isoflavones ; pharmacology ; Liver ; drug effects ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Saponins ; pharmacology ; Triterpenes ; pharmacology

To investigate the distribution of virulence associated factors of 5 strains of Streptococcus suis type 2 from slaughtered pigs isolated in Fujian province , 7 virulence genes were detected through PCR amplification. They were the glutamate dehydrogenase gene(gdh), the capsular polysaccharides gene(cps), the extracellular factor gene(ef), the muramidate-released protein gene(mrp), the suilysin gene(sly), the fibronectin-binding protein gene(fbps) and the virulence-associated sequence or f2. Among these 5 strains isolated, the virulence genotypes of 4 strains S.suis type 2 and strain SS2PFJ07 was gdh+/cps2J+/mrp+/ef-/sly-/fbps+/orf2+ and the other one strain isolated from slaughtered pigs was gdh+/cps2J+/mrp+/ef+/sly+/fbps+ /orf2+ respectively. This results showed that there are at least 2 virulence genotypes in Streptococcus suis type 2 from slaughtered pigs isolated in Fujian province.

BACKGROUND:Synthetic patch as an important substitute to pelvic tissue can replace damaged pelvic fascia tissue, and has been widely used in the pelvic floor reconstruction. OBJECTIVE:To observe the efficacy and complications of pelvic floor reconstruction with mesh, and to explore its safety and effectiveness. METHODS: Forty-five pelvic organ prolapse female patients were divided into two groups according to patient’s wilingness: experimental group, pelvic floor reconstruction with mesh (n=25); control group, transvaginal hysterectomy combined with vaginal wal repair (n=20). Perioperative conditions were recorded, and uterine prolapse staging, complications, pelvic floor function, pelvic discomfort, as wel as an objective cure rate were evaluated in the two groups during the folow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, the experimental group was characterized as shorter operative time, less amount of bleeding, milder infections, and faster recovery (AlP < 0.05). At 6 months of folow-up, the score on uterine prolapse staging was higher in the experimental group than the control group; at 12 months, the scores on pelvic floor function and pelvic discomfort as wel as the incidence of complications were significantly lower in the experimental group (P < 0.05), but the objective cure rate was higher compared with the control group (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that pelvic floor reconstruction with mesh for pelvic organ prolapsed can reduce the operative time and blood loss and promote postoperative recovery. Meanwhile, it can significantly improve pelvic floor function, pelvic discomfort, postoperative complications, the rate of exposure, and the objective cure rate, which is safe and effective during the short-term folow-up.

Objective 　To search the relative factors of cerebral damage, rebleeding, delayed cerebral ischaemia(DCI) and hydrocephalus after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) by CT scans and clinical findings in acute phase. Methods　To analyse the relationship between cerebral damage after SAH and clinical findings: CT scans resulte, age, sex, blood pressure, hyponatraemia, therapeutic methods. Results　Cerebral damage were related to the pattern of distritution of SAH on brain CT and hyponatraemia. The high attack rate of rebleeding and DCI is related to presence of blood in the surface of brain, collection of blood in the ventricle, saccula aneurysms or cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) (P＜0.01). Conclusions　To forecast of cerebral damage after SAH by study of CT scans showing and clinical findings have clincal significance. According to these findings, we may take some therapeutics to prevent the cerebral damage after SAH.

Objective To explore the relationship between serum levels of leptin and the physieal development and the infuences of diseases on the levels of leptin in prematurities.Methods To collect the clinical data as well as weights,lengths of 40 sick premature infants(sick group)and 30 premature infants without sick diseases(control group)and to test the serum levels of leptin using radioimmunoassay(RIA)at 1d,7d and 12d of life,and to analyze the differences of serum levels of leptin and weights,lengths and body mass index(BMI)between two groups.Results In both groups the BMI and the serum levels of leptin were decreased at d7 of life and reincreased at d12 of life(P＜0.01),and the serum leptin levels were corresponding to the changes of the physical development of premature infants at ld,7d and 12d of life(P＜0.01).The serum leptin levels were lower in sick group compared with control group at 7d and 12d of life(P＜0.05).Conclusion It suggested that there was positive correlation between serum leptin level and the physieal development in prematurities and diseases had negative influences to the leptin levels.

Objective To compare the effect and compliance of Rifampicin by vein and oral in treating pulmonary tuberculosis in elderly patients who were primary treated and had positive sputum. Methods A total of 100 first-time smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients were randomly divided into two groups, the treatment group and the control group,with 50 cases in each group. During the observation enhancement period,patients of the treatment group were given HZE added rifampin inoculation fluid and HEZ plus rifampin capsules for the control group.The indicators were recorded, such as:the rate of digestive discomfort, liver digfunction ,symptom improvement, sputum smear negative conversion at the end of the second month and chest X-ray improvement. Results In therapy group and control group,the rate of digestive discomfort was 14% and 82% respectively,P ＜0. 05 ;the rate of liver disfunction at the first weekend was 16% and 12% respectively(P ＞ 0. 05 ) ;The rate of liver disfunction at the second weekend was 36% and 30% respectively(P ＞0. 05) ;The rate of the symptom improvement was 96% and 70% respectively ( P ＜ 0. 05 ) ;The rate of improvement remarkably in chest film was 80% and 32% respectively( P ＜ 0. 05 ) ;The rate of sputum smear negative conversion at the end of the second month was 52% and 34% ,P ＞0. 05 ;the rate of.sputum smear negative conversion at the end of the sixth month was 96% and 82% (P ＜ 0. 05 ) ;The rate of chemotherapy formula changed during the therapy was 14% and 82% ( P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion The Rifampicin was used by vein in elderly PTB that primary treated and got positive sputum could get better effect indexes,less side effect in digestive tract,similar liver disfunction and fine compliance to the standardized chemotherapy formula.