Objective To study the effects of purified rabies vaccine for human use (RV) on specific Th1/Th2 cytokines in human. Methods Twenty cases were injected intramuscularly with 5 full doses of RV. PBMCs were isolated from the blood sample collected at day 0, 14, 45 after the RV inoculation. Neutralizing antibody was determined by ELISA, and the proliferation of lymphocyte by in vitro test. The levels of RV specific IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2,IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 in the culture supernatants were detected by cytometric bead array (CBA). Results The neutralizing antibody was tested positive in 19 cases 45 days after inoculation and 1 case after 60 days, with the positive rate reaching 100%. After stimulation with RV, the lymphocyte transformation index at day 14, 45 in cases were significantly higher than those day of 0 (P< 0.05), and similar results were confirmed with IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 tested by CBA (P<0.05). Condusion The RV could induce humoral and antigen-specific cellular immune responses in human, tested by showing good protective effect on rabies virus.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Aconiti Radix Cocta and Pinelliae Rhizoma with different matching proportions and doses on their analgic, anti-inflammatory, phlegm eliminating and cough relieving efficacies in mice.

METHODThe two-factor, seven-level uniform design method was adopted to observe the effect of the oral administration with the combined decoction on the analgic, anti-inflammatory, phlegm eliminating and cough relieving efficacies, with frequency of body torsions induced by acetum, ear swelling degree induced by dimethylbenzene, secretion of phenol red in tracheas and frequency of coughs induced by aqueous ammonia as indexes. Significant matching proportions and doses were collected for verification.

RESULT(1) The effect on the frequency of body torsions and ear swelling degree. The combined decoction could effectively reduce the frequency of body torsions and ear swelling degree. According to a regression analysis, Aconiti Radix Cocta and Pinelliae Rhizoma had the antagonism, which was maximized at the ratio of 10: 1, and minimized at the ratio of less than or equal to 1: 1. The frequency of body torsions and ear swelling degree increased first and then decreased along with the rise in the total dose; and a higher proportion of Aconiti Radix Cocta resulted in a faster speed in decrease or increase. (2) The effect on the secretion of phenol red in tracheas and frequency of coughs. The combined decoction could effectively increase the secretion of phenol red in tracheas and decrease the frequency of coughs. According to a regression analysis, Pinelliae Rhizoma and Aconiti Radix Cocta had the synergistic effect in the secretion of phenol red in tracheas, which was maximized with a total dose of more than 5 g x kg(-1) and a ratio of 1: 1.

CONCLUSIONThe compatible application of Pinelliae Rhizoma and Aconiti Radix Cocta can decrease the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Aconiti Radix Cocta and promote the cough-relieving effect of Pinelliae Rhizoma, which vary according to different matching ratio and dose. This study provides experimental basis for indepth studies on the combined effect of Aconiti Radix Cocta and Pinelliae Rhizoma--two of eighteen incompatible pairs.

Aconitum ; Animals ; Cough ; drug therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Pinellia ; Plant Extracts ; administration & dosage ; Research Design

BACKGROUND: Many studies have showed that apoptosis of endothelial cells plays a curial role in the progress of sepsis. But the role of simvastatin in apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by sepsis is not clear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of simvastatin in apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by sepsis and its mechanism. METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were randomly divided into three groups: control group, sepsis serum intervention group (sepsis group) and simvastatin+sepsis serum intervention group (simvastatin group). After 24-hour incubation with corresponding culture medium, the relative growth rate of HUVECS in different groups was detected by MTT assay; the apoptosis of HUVECs was detected by Hoechst33258 assay and flow cytometry; and the expression of the Bcl-2 and Bax genes of HUVECs was detected by PCR. RESULTS: Compared with the sepsis group, HUVECs in the simvastatin group had a higher relative growth rate. Apoptotic HUVECs decreased significantly in the simvastatin group in comparison with the sepsis group. Expression of the Bcl-2 gene in HUVECs decreased obviously, but the expression of the Bax gene increased obviously after 24-hour incubation with sepsis serum;however, the expression of the Bcl-2 and Bax genes was just the opposite in the simvastatin group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that simvastatin can inhibit apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by sepsis through upregulating the expression of Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax. It may be one of the mechanisms for simvastatin to treat sepsis.

Objective To determine the risk factors related to tuberculosis infection among people living with HIV/AIDS and to develop strategies for preventing the co-infection.Methods A 1:2matched nested case-control study was carried out to analyze the influencing factors of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.Results 1018 people living with HIV/AIDS were followed up for one year with a total number of 736.75 person-years,among them 62 tuberculosis cases were diagnosed.The incidence density of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS was 8.42 persons per 100 person-years.Factors as education level(OR=0.483),vaccination history of Bacille Calmette Guerin(OR=0.561),CD_4~+ count T-lymphocyte(OR=0.356),unemployment(OR=1.976),living alone(OR=2.646),and smoking(OR=2.215)were significantly related to the prevalence of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.Conclusion High education level,with vaccination history of Bacille Calmette Guerin and high level of CD_4~+ T-lymphocyte count were protective factors while being unemployed,living alone,and smoking habit were risk factors related to the prevalence of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.

Objective To determine the incidence of non-fatal injuries and related influencing factors among children under 5 years old in China. Methods Data involving 10 819 children under 5 years old was from the Fourth National Health Service Survey of China. Injury-related indicators include: history of ever having had an injury, its frequency, cause, location and severity of the injury.A two-level Poissun regression was used to examine the significance of related socio-economic variables. Results The overall incidence rate of nonfatal injuries among children under 5 years old was 16.0 per 1000 population in the prior 12 months. The first three leading causes of non-fatal injuries were falls,animal bite, fire/bum among children under 1 year old,with the rates as 3.9, 1.8 and 1.8 per 1000 population, respectively. For children aged I to 4 years old, the first three leading causes were animal bite, fall, fire/burn with rates as 6.5,6.0 and 2.9 per 1000 population, respectively. 83.0% and 69.0% of last injuries occurred at home for the above said two age groups. No disability was found among children younger than 1 year old who suffered from a nonfatal injury while for the 1-4 age group, the disability accounted for 1.0% of injury-induced outcomes. After adjusting other variables,boys had 1.57 times the risk of injury compared with girls in the 1-4 age group (P＜0.05). The differences on the effects regarding ethmicity,per capita household income, and place were insignificant (P＞0.05). None of the socio-economic variables was found that significantly related to the non-fatal injury risk among children under 1 year old (P＞0.05). Conclusion The incidence of nonfatal injuries among children under 5 years old was 16.0 per 1000 population in the prior 12 months. The three leading causes of injuries were animal bite, falls, fire/bum respectively. Home was the most common place that non-fatal injuries occurred. Boys had a higher risk of injury compared with girls among children aged 1 to 4 years old and the difference was significant.

To simulate intervention measures in controlling an outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis on one school campus by using the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model, to provide evidence for preparedness and response to the epidemic. Classical SIR model was used to model the epidemic. Malthusian exponential decline method was employed to estimate the infective coefficient β for interventions. The initial value of parameters was determined based on empirical data. The modeling was implemented using Matlab 7.1 software. Without interventions, the outbreak was expected to experience three phrases: (1)early stage (the first 5 days) in which the epidemic developed slowly and could be intervened easily; (2) rapid growing stage (6-15 days) in which the number of infected cases increased quickly and the epidemic could not be well controlled;and (3) medium and late stage (16 days and later) in which more than 90% of the susceptible persons were infected but the intervention measures failed to prevent the epidemic. With the implementation of interventions, the epidemic was predicted to be controlled in the early stage, under the SIR model. The simulation based on the SIR model kept an acceptable consistency with the actual development of epidemic after the implementation of intervention measures. The SIR model seemed effective in modeling interventions to the epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in the schools.

Objective To explore the characteristic of the genetic frequency distribution of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-DR alleles in children with bronchial asthma in Guangxi area.Methods Eighty-four unrelated asthmatic individuals and 168 healthy people without asthma and atopy living in Nanning region of Guangxi as control group were involved in the study.All asthmatics had their serum total IgE levels measured with Pharmacia UniCAP system,and skin-prick test with 10 kinds of inhalant allergens were taken,and pulmonary function were measured among the asthmatic.HLA oligonucleotide array was used to 21 gene frequencies of HLA-DR.Results The frequencies of HLA-DR B1*070X allele and HLA-DR B1*11XX allele among the asthmatic(2.98% and 13.69%)were significantly higher than those in control group(0.3% and 5.95%)(?2 =6.915,9.478 P

AIM: To investigate whether Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) and Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome were involved in contrast medium (CM)-induced inflammation and injury in renal tubular epithe-lial cells.METHODS: Iopromide was used to injure NRK-52E cells in the study.The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay.The protein levels of TLR4, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speckle-like protein (ASC), caspase-1 and cleaved caspase-3 were determined by Western blot .The releases of interleukin ( IL )-1βand IL-18 were detected by ELISA .The apoptotic rate was evaluated by Hoechst staining , and mitochondrial membrane potential ( MMP) was analyzed by JC-1 staining.siRNA was transfected into the NRK-52E cells to silence NLRP3 expression.RESULTS:CM decreased the viability of NRK-52E cells (P<0.05).CM also elevated the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, TLR4, NLRP3, IL-1βand IL-18 (P<0.05).Silencing NLRP3 attenuated CM-induced releases of inflammatory cytokines .Moreover, treat-ment with TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 or knockdown of NLRP3 by siRNA transfection both attenuated cell apoptosis and loss of MMP caused by CM .CONCLUSION:TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome takes part in the pathogenesis of CM-induced acute kidney injury , and mediates CM-induced injury and inflammation in renal tubular epithelial cells .

OBJECTIVETo study the analgesic, expectorant and antitussive effects of the compatible use of Aconiti Radix Cocta and Fritillaria cirrhosa or F. thunbergii with different matching ratio or dose in mice.

METHODThe two-factor, seven-level uniform design method was adopted to observe the analgesic, expectorant and antitussive effects of the oral administration with the two combined decoctions in rats, with frequency of body torsions induced by acetum, secretion of phenol red in tracheas and frequency of coughs as indexes. Significant matching proportions and doses were collected for verification.

RESULTThe effect on the frequency of body torsions: The combined decoctions could effectively reduce the frequency of body torsions. According to a regression analysis, Aconiti Radix Cocta and F. cirrhosa had the synergistic effect, which was maximized with a ratio of 1: 1. The 1: 1 combined decoction played the least role in reducing the frequency of body torsions with a total dose of more than 5 g x kg(-1). The effect on the secretion of phenol red in tracheas. The combined decoctions could effectively increase the secretion of phenol red in tracheas. According to a regression analysis, Aconiti Radix Cocta and F. thunbergii had the antagonism, which was maximized at the ratio of 1: 1, and minimized with a total dose of less than 10 g x kg(-1) and a ratio of 5: 1 between F. thunbergii and Aconiti Radix Cocta. The effect on the frequency of coughs. The combined decoctions could effectively reduce the frequency of coughs. According to a regression analysis, Aconiti Radix Cocta and F. cirrhosa had the antagonism, which was maximized at the ratio of more than 1: 5 and less than 10: 1. There was no interaction between Aconiti Radix Cocta and F. thunbergii. F. thunbergii could reduce the frequency of coughs, whereas Aconiti Radix Cocta showed no effect.

CONCLUSIONThe compatible application of Aconiti Radix Cocta and F. cirrhosa could enhance the analgesic effect of Aconiti Radix Cocta and reduce the expectorant and antitussive effects of F. cirrhosa, which vary according to different matching ratio and dose. The compatible application of Aconiti Radix Cocta and F. thunbergii shows no effect on the antitussive effect of F. thunbergii. This study provides experimental basis for in-depth studies on the combined effect of Aconiti Radix Cocta and Fritillaria--two of eighteen incompatible pairs.

Aconitum ; chemistry ; Analgesics ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Antitussive Agents ; pharmacology ; Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; Drug Synergism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Expectorants ; pharmacology ; Fritillaria ; chemistry ; Male ; Mice ; Phenolsulfonphthalein ; metabolism ; Trachea ; drug effects ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and incidence of illness of two-week duration, and the factors influencing these, among residents 15 years and older in four counties of Hunan Province. METHODS: Data were sampled from four counties of Hunan Province for the Fourth National Health Service Survey. Incidence and two-week prevalence of disease were used to assess the health service needs of residents. A non-conditional, stepwise logistic regression was employed to explore the influencing factors. RESULTS: The two-week prevalence and incidence were 11.5% and 3.9%, respectively, in four counties of Hunan. The three leading diseases of two-week prevalence were: respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and musculoskeletal diseases. Non-conditional stepwise logistic regression showed that urban residents had 0.64 times the risk of two-week illness compared with the rural residents (P< 0.05); residents in the 45-59 year age group and the 60+ year age group had 1.69 and 2.62 times the risk of two-week illness compared with residents in the 15-44 year age group, respectively (P<0.05). The widowed had 1.91 times the risk of prevalence of two-week illness contrasted to singles (P<0.05); the students had 0.29 times the risk of two-week illness contrasted to the workers (P<0.05); urban residents had 0.63 times the risk of two-week illness compared with the rural (P<0.05); the widowed had 2.37 times the risk of incidence of two-week illness compared with singles (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The majority of health service needs of residents of four counties is generated by three diseases: respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and musculoskeletal diseases. Relatively, rural residents, the elderly, employed persons and the widowed have higher health service needs than others and deserve specific attention.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Community Health Services ; statistics & numerical data ; Digestive System Diseases ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; epidemiology ; Sampling Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult