OBJECTIVETo understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Henan province during 2004-2006 and to evaluate the quality of measles special report system (MSS) in order to provide evidence for strategies and measures development for measles prevention and control.

METHODSData were collected from the National Notifiable Disease Report System (NNDRS) and MSS on epidemiological characteristics of measles in Henan province during 2004-2006.

RESULTSThe sensitivity of MSS was lower than that of NNDRS in Henan province during 2004-2006. The incidence of measles appeared to be 2.54/100 000 in 2004 increased to 8/100 000 during 2005-2006. The incidence of measles was higher in the central part of the province during the recent years with cases concentrated in March to May every year. The percentage of cases from age groups < 8 months and 8 months to 1 year olds increased yearly. All the cases with no or unclear vaccination record took up 77.13%, with 18.23% of the measles cases fell into the floating population.

CONCLUSIONImproving the 2 doses and timely coverage rate of the first dose of measles vaccine strategy was essential for measles control and prevention. In order to improve the quality of measles surveillance program, the advantage of MSS and NNDRS should be integrated.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Measles ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Population Surveillance

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the authenticity of the parents' memory on their children's immunization status.

METHODSTwo counties and 1 district in each of the 18 prefectures were selected, and parents of the children 1 - 2 years old, residents in counties or floating in district, were studied on the authenticity of their memory regarding their children's immunization status.

RESULTSThe rates of inoculation with all the four expanded programme on immunization (EPI) vaccines were 89.7% in the whole province, and 77.9% among floating children. The authenticity of the reply from parents on their children, inoculation status with vaccines was above 96%. However, less than 50% of the parents could remember what specific vaccines that their children had received. The authenticity of parents' memory was higher in the parents with high school or college education than those who were illiterates or only having had elementary school education. Mothers had better memory than the fathers. Of the children whose parents could not remember the vaccination status, 97% of them had been inoculated.

CONCLUSIONThe definite answer of parents to children's immunization status had high creditability, especially when the mothers having had more schooling. Those children whose parents failed to remember whether vaccination had been received should not be ranked as unimmuned.

Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Immunization ; statistics & numerical data ; Immunization Schedule ; Infant ; Memory ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting ; psychology ; Social Class

OBJECTIVETo better understand the proportions of reported hepatitis B cases in pilot surveillance cites through investigation and laboratory testing.

METHODSTo confirm the reported cases of hepatitis B by collecting blood specimen and laboratory testing on HBsAg, IgM of Anti-HBc, Anti-HAV in 18 pilot surveillance counties.

RESULTSAmong 2858 cases of hepatitis B reported in 2006, 23.97% of them were reported as suspected acute cases, 14.87% as acute cases, 20.33% as suspected chronic cases, 34.67% as chronic cases, 4.09% as cirrhosis and 2.06% as HCC. Among 1681 reported hepatitis B cases confirmed by laboratory testing, results showed that 24.16% of them were diagnosed as acute hepatitis B, but only 15.37% were confirmed as acute hepatitis B. Although the proportion confirmed as hepatitis B kept consistent as before, misclassification was found.

CONCLUSIONIn current surveillance system, reported hepatitis B cases were mainly chronic, only up to one third belonged to acute hepatitis B. The reported incidence of hepatitis B did not reflect the real incidence due to misclassification. To better define the burden on hepatitis B disease, it was necessary and urgent to revise the diagnostic criteria and to conduct surveillance on hepatitis B, under separate reporting categories which including acute and chronic cases of the disease.

China ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; blood ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pilot Projects ; Population Surveillance

OBJECTIVETo study the epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Pomona (S. Pomona).

METHODSAntimicrobial susceptible testing (AST) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) methods were used to analyze on S. Pomona strains that were isolated from diarrhea cases through the diarrhea network monitoring program, environment and food samples in Shanghai as well as from reptiles in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

RESULTS4 553 clinic Salmonella (S.) strains were isolated from the Shanghai network laboratories from 2005 to 2012. The top 10 serotypes would include 20 serotypes all belonged to A-F groups, while S. Pomona was next to S. Wandsworth, according to the non- A-F groups. Young children seemed to be susceptible to S. Pomona, and might cause bloody stools and super-infection. The top 10 serotypes from 1 805 foodborne Salmonella strains were significantly more extensive than those from the human S. Pomona strains, followed by those rare serotypes which were mostly isolated from turtle, sea-shellfish and reptiles. Antibiotic resistance of S. Pomona strains from other sources were significantly more severe than those from human samples, and belonged to A and B clones by means of PFGE. Clone A strains were non-epidemic strains which showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) to antimicrobials. Clone B was the main epidemic-causing strain that not resistant to drugs, which consisting B- I from young-age-groups and B-II were from the seniors. B-I strains were homologous to those from shellfish, tortoises and lizards, while B-II strains only showing homology to those from shellfish. One S. Pomona strain-MDR, isolated from human was homologous to 8 antimicrobials.

CONCLUSIONS. Pomona was a quite common serotype among those rare serotypes, which showed higher pathogenicity to infants while genetic evolution might take place when comparing them with the strains isolated from the clinics in 2005. Surveillance programs should be intensified along with the early warnings systems on infections which were from seafood and reptiles.

China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Salmonella Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Salmonella enterica ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Serogroup

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical treatment outcomes and the changes of the outcomes over time in extremely preterm twins in Guangdong Province, China. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for 269 pairs of extremely preterm twins with a gestational age of <28 weeks who were admitted to the department of neonatology in 26 grade A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province from January 2008 to December 2017. According to the admission time, they were divided into two groups: 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. Besides, each pair of twins was divided into the heavier infant and the lighter infant subgroups according to birth weight. The perinatal data of mothers and hospitalization data of neonates were collected. The survival rate of twins and the incidence rate of complications were compared between the 2008-2012 and 2013-2017 groups. RESULTS: Compared with the 2008-2012 group, the 2013-2017 group (both the heavier infant and lighter infant subgroups) had lower incidence rates of severe asphyxia and smaller head circumference at birth (P<0.05). The mortality rates of both of the twins, the heavier infant of the twins, and the lighter infant of the twins were lower in the 2013-2017 group compared with the 2008-2012 group (P<0.05). Compared with the 2008-2012 group, the 2013-2017 group (both the heavier infant and lighter infant subgroups) had lower incidence rates of pulmonary hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (P-IVH), and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) and a higher incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant increase in the survival rate over time in extremely preterm twins with a gestational age of <28 weeks in the 26 grade A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province. The incidences of severe asphyxia, pulmonary hemorrhage, PDA, P-IVH, and NRDS decrease in both the heavier and lighter infants of the twins, but the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia increases. With the improvement of diagnosis and treatment, the multidisciplinary collaboration between different fields of fetal medicine including prenatal diagnosis, obstetrics, and neonatology is needed in the future to jointly develop management strategies for twin pregnancy.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/epidemiology* ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Extremely Premature ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/epidemiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND: The expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a biomarker for immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is routinely detected in clinical pathology department. However, the spatial heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression in intrapulmonary tumors and extrapulmonary metastases is still a challenge for the clinical testing. This study aims to explore the differences of PD-L1 expression in test samples obtaining from different sites of NSCLC. This study may contribute to the detection strategy of PD-L1 in patients with advanced lung cancer. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-one cases of consecutively detected PD-L1 (22c3 assay, Dako) staining in metastatic NSCLC and 972 cases of non-paired intrapulmonary NSCLC were collected. The discrepancies of tumor proportion score (TPS) of PD-L1 expression in intrapulmonary samples and extrapulmonary metastatic samples of different sites were compared. RESULTS: The positive expression rate of PD-L1 in extrapulmonary metastatic NSCLC (TPS ≥ 1%) was 61.83%, and the TPS was significantly higher than that in intrapulmonary tumors (P=0.03). The PD-L1 scores of the specimens obtained from different sites were significantly different (P=0.007). The positive rates of PD-L1 in liver and adrenal metastases were 85.71% and 77.78% respectively, and their TPS were significantly higher than that of the intrapulmonary samples (P<0.05). The positive rates of PD-L1 in lymph node, bone, brain, soft tissue, and pleural metastases was 40.00%-66.67%, with no significant differences compared to intrapulmonary tumors. The analysis of histological subtype and sample type showed that the PD-L1 score of extrapulmonary samples of adenocarcinoma subtype or surgical specimen was significantly higher than that of intrapulmonary tumors. The analysis of clinicopathological parameters showed that the PD-L1 positive expression or high expression were significantly correlated with male patients, smoking history, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild type. CONCLUSIONS The expression of PD-L1 in metastatic NSCLC is generally higher than that in intrapulmonary tumor, and the positive rate of PD-L1 expression was discrepant in different sites of specimen. The differences of PD-L1 score between extrapulmonary metastatic samples and intrapulmonary samples may be associated with different metastatic sites, histological subtype, and specimen type.
B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism* ; Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism* ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Male