Objective: To analyze the volatile oil from the branches of Picrasma quassioides. Methods: Volatile oil was extracted from the branches of P. quassioides by steam distillation. GC-MS method was used to analyze the components. Results: A total of 49 compounds were isolated, and 46 compounds were successfully identified, which represented over 98% of the total oil composition. The major components of the volatile oil in the branches of P. quassioides included caryophyllene (12.83%), 12-oxabicyclo[9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene,1,5,5,8-tetramethyl-[1R-(1. R*,3. E,7. E,11-R*)] (12.29%), 1-hexanol (9.96%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methyletheyl)-[1. S-(1a,7a,8aa)] (7.32%), aromadendrene oxide-(2) (6.69%), and α-caryophyllene (3.88%). Conclusion: The major components in volatile oil are terpenoids, hydroxy compounds, and other acyclic alkane compounds. © 2013 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines.

Objective: Cistanche Herba was studied to explain the differences of the material basis before and after wine-fried processing, and to approach the scientific connotation for wine-fried Cistanches Herba with the functions of warming and tonifying kidney-Yang and avoiding side effects of slippery bowel diarrhea. Methods: The chemical analysis of crude and processed Cistanche Herba was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography method (UPLC) coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF/MS). The principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to distinguish the content variation between crude and processed Cistanche Herba. Results: The material basis for increased efficacy of wine-fried Cistanche Herba was studied for the first time. The contents of echinacoside, acteoside, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, sucrose, and inosine increased. Especially, the contents of echinacoside and acteoside increased significantly. The contents of 8-epiloganic acid, succinic acid, and geniposide decreased in the wine-fried Cistanche Herba. The most obvious chemical markers, such as echinacoside, acteoside, cistanoside A, and geniposide, could be used as index components to distinguish the crude and processed Cistanche Herba. Conclusion: The study is important for the processing principle of the processed Cistanche Herba and provides an important scientific basis for clarifying the effective material basis and avoiding the side effects of the wine-fried Cistanche Herba.

The study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PPK/PD) model of warfarin. PCR-RFLP technique was used to genotype the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms of 73 patients. RP-HPLC-UV method was used to determine the 190 plasma concentrations of warfarin. Application of NONMEM, the clinical information and 263 international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring data were used to investigate the effect of genetic, physiological, pathological factors, other medication on clearance and anticoagulant response. The final model of warfarin PPK/PD was described as follows: CL = θCL · (WT/60)θWT · θCYP · eηCL (if CYP2C9*1/*1, θCYP = 1; if *1/*3, θCYP = 0.708); EC50 = θEC50 · θVKOR · eηEC50 (if VKORC1- 1639AA, θVKOR = 1; if GA, θVKOR = 2.01; V = θV; K(E0) = θK(E0); Emax = θEmax; E0 = θE0 · eηE0. Among them, the body weight (WT), CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype had conspicuous effect on warfarin PK/PD parameters. The goodness diagnosis, Bootstrap, NPDE verification showed that the final model was stable, effective and predictable. It may provide a reference for opitimizing the dose regimen of warfarin.
Anticoagulants ; pharmacology ; Body Weight ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 ; genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; International Normalized Ratio ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases ; genetics ; Warfarin ; pharmacokinetics

The study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PPK/PD) model of warfarin. PCR-RFLP technique was used to genotype the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms of 73 patients. RP-HPLC-UV method was used to determine the 190 plasma concentrations of warfarin. Application of NONMEM, the clinical information and 263 international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring data were used to investigate the effect of genetic, physiological, pathological factors, other medication on clearance and anticoagulant response. The final model of warfarin PPK/PD was described as follows: CL = θCL · (WT/60)θWT · θCYP · eηCL (if CYP2C9*1/*1, θCYP = 1; if *1/*3, θCYP = 0.708); EC50 = θEC50 · θVKOR · eηEC50 (if VKORC1- 1639AA, θVKOR = 1; if GA, θVKOR = 2.01; V = θV; K(E0) = θK(E0); Emax = θEmax; E0 = θE0 · eηE0. Among them, the body weight (WT), CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype had conspicuous effect on warfarin PK/PD parameters. The goodness diagnosis, Bootstrap, NPDE verification showed that the final model was stable, effective and predictable. It may provide a reference for opitimizing the dose regimen of warfarin.

Objective To explore the relationship between serum levels of leptin and the physieal development and the infuences of diseases on the levels of leptin in prematurities.Methods To collect the clinical data as well as weights,lengths of 40 sick premature infants(sick group)and 30 premature infants without sick diseases(control group)and to test the serum levels of leptin using radioimmunoassay(RIA)at 1d,7d and 12d of life,and to analyze the differences of serum levels of leptin and weights,lengths and body mass index(BMI)between two groups.Results In both groups the BMI and the serum levels of leptin were decreased at d7 of life and reincreased at d12 of life(P＜0.01),and the serum leptin levels were corresponding to the changes of the physical development of premature infants at ld,7d and 12d of life(P＜0.01).The serum leptin levels were lower in sick group compared with control group at 7d and 12d of life(P＜0.05).Conclusion It suggested that there was positive correlation between serum leptin level and the physieal development in prematurities and diseases had negative influences to the leptin levels.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of cyclic adenosine monophosphate / protein kinase A signal transduction pathway in severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)-associated lung injury.Methods Seventy-two male healthy SD rats were completely randomized into three groups:sham operation (SO) group(n =8),SAP group and SAP plus H89 (cAMP inhibitor) group,then the latter two groups were divided into four sub-groups with eight rats in each sub-group according to the sampling time of 3,6,12 and 24 h,and the total numbers of groups were nine.The content change of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum,protein levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PKA C) and phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein(p-VASP) and the expression of VSAP mRNA in lung tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),immunohistochemistry and quantitative real time PCR,respectively.Pathological changes of the pancreas and lung tissues were also observed.Results Compared with the SO group,the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the SAP group were obviously increased at different time points(P ＜0.05).Pathological changes of the pancreas and lung tissues were aggravated significantly.The protein levels of PKA C,p-VASP and the expression of VSAP mRNA in lung tissue were increased significantly (P ＜0.05)which peaked at 12 h in the SAP group [TNF-α was (266.07 ± 17.14) pg/mL,IL-1β(169.17 ±25.92) pg/mL,PKA C(210.69 ±6.32) × 103,p-VASP (56.62 ±0.57) × 103,VASP mRNA(2.06 ±0.21)],which had positive correlation with the serum level of TNF-α and IL-1β.Compared with the SAP group,pathological changes of the pancreas and lung tissues were alleviated significantly,the protein levels of PKA C,p-VASP and the expression of VSAP mRNA in lung tissue were decreased significantly in the SAP plus H89 group at different time points(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The cyclic adenosine monophosphate / protein kinase A signal transduction pathway is found to participate in the pathological process of SAP-associated lung injury through the up-regulations of TNF-α,IL-1 β and phospho-VASP.

Objective To compare the effect and compliance of Rifampicin by vein and oral in treating pulmonary tuberculosis in elderly patients who were primary treated and had positive sputum. Methods A total of 100 first-time smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients were randomly divided into two groups, the treatment group and the control group,with 50 cases in each group. During the observation enhancement period,patients of the treatment group were given HZE added rifampin inoculation fluid and HEZ plus rifampin capsules for the control group.The indicators were recorded, such as:the rate of digestive discomfort, liver digfunction ,symptom improvement, sputum smear negative conversion at the end of the second month and chest X-ray improvement. Results In therapy group and control group,the rate of digestive discomfort was 14% and 82% respectively,P ＜0. 05 ;the rate of liver disfunction at the first weekend was 16% and 12% respectively(P ＞ 0. 05 ) ;The rate of liver disfunction at the second weekend was 36% and 30% respectively(P ＞0. 05) ;The rate of the symptom improvement was 96% and 70% respectively ( P ＜ 0. 05 ) ;The rate of improvement remarkably in chest film was 80% and 32% respectively( P ＜ 0. 05 ) ;The rate of sputum smear negative conversion at the end of the second month was 52% and 34% ,P ＞0. 05 ;the rate of.sputum smear negative conversion at the end of the sixth month was 96% and 82% (P ＜ 0. 05 ) ;The rate of chemotherapy formula changed during the therapy was 14% and 82% ( P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion The Rifampicin was used by vein in elderly PTB that primary treated and got positive sputum could get better effect indexes,less side effect in digestive tract,similar liver disfunction and fine compliance to the standardized chemotherapy formula.

Objective To systematically evaluate the safety and effectiveness of combined portal vein resection and reconstruction in the resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Methods Literatures were researched using Cochrane Library,PubMed,Embase,China Biology Medicine disc,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang database,VIP database from January 31,2006 to January 31,2016 with the key words including “hilar cholangiocarcinoma”“Klatskin tumor”“Bile duct neoplasm”“Vascular resection”“portal vein resection”“肝门部胆管癌”“血管切除”“门静脉切除”.The clinical studies of resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with portal vein resection and construction and without vascular resection and construction were received and enrolled.Two reviewers independently screened literatures,extracted data and assessed the risk of bias.Patients who underwent resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma combined with portal vein resection and reconstruction were allocated into the portal vein resection group and patients who didn't undergo vascular resection were allocated into the no vascular resection group.Analysis indicators included (1) results of literature retrieval;(2) results of Meta-analysis:① incidence of postoperative complications (hepatic failure,biliary fistula,intra-abdominal hemorrhage),② postoperative mortality,③ patients' prognosis,④ related indicators of postoperative pathology (lymph node metastasis rate,moderate-and low-differentiated rate,nerve invasion rate,negative rate of resection margin).The heterogeneity of the studies was analyzed using the I2 test.The hazard ratio (HR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) were used for assessing the prognostic indicators.The incidence of complications,mortality and pathological indicators were evaluated by the odds ratio (OR) and 95％ CI.Results (1) Results of literature retrieval:13 retrospective studies were eurolled in the meta-analysis,and the total sample size was 1 668 cases including 437 in the portal vein resection group and 1 231 in the no vascular resection group.(2) Results of Meta-analysis:① incidence of postoperative complications was respectively 39.86％ in the portal vein resection group and 35.27％ in the no vascular resection group,with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (OR =1.12,95％ CI:0.82-1.53,P ＞0.05).The results of subgroup analysis showed that hepatic failure,biliary fistula and intra-abdominal hemorrhage were postoperative main complications,and the incidences were 17.09％,8.79％,6.25％ in the portal vein resection group and 10.62％,9.69％,2.51％ in the no vascular resection group,respectively,with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (OR =0.48,1.13,0.82,95％ CI:0.23-1.02,0.45-2.83,0.21-3.12,P ＞ 0.05).② Postoperative mortality was respectively 5.38％ in the portal vein resection group and 3.88％ in the no vascular resection group,with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (OR =1.16,95％ CI:0.62-2.14,P ＞ 0.05).③ There was statistically significant difference in patients' prognosis between the 2 groups (HR =1.81,95％ CI:1.52-2.16,P ＜ 0.05).④ The related indicators of postoperative pathology:lymph node metastasis rate,moderate-and low-differentiated rate and negative rate of resection margin were 41.55％,76.42％,63.74％ in the portal vein resection group and 33.42％,66.75％,64.29％ in the no vascular resection group,respectively,with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (OR =1.45,1.59,0.67,95％ CI:0.95-2.21,0.97-2.61,0.37-1.20,P ＞ 0.05).The nerve invasion rate was 83.47％ in the portal vein resection group and 64.90％ in the no vascular resection group,with a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (OR =2.61,95 ％ CI:1.45-4.70,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Combined portal vein resection and reconstruction is safe and feasible in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma,and the prognosis of patients with portal vein invasion is worse than that without portal vein invasion.

AIM:To investigate the anti-tumor effects of special cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs)activated by dendritic cells(DCs)loaded with antigens and CD40L in vitro.METHODS:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation from normal human heparinized blood.The adherent cells were cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF),interleukin-4(IL-4),alpha tumor necrosis factor(TNF-?),DCs were co-cultured with frozen-thawed antigen of K562 cells and CD40L,then triggered T cells into specific CTLs.RESULTS:Most suspended cells exhibited distinctive morphological features of DCs which expressed CD40 96%,CD86 97%,CD80 77%,CD1a 69%,and gained the powerful capacity to stimulate proliferation of allogenic lymphocytes.Under the effector∶target ratio of 20∶1,CTLs derived from cultures with DCs and frozen-thawed antigen of K562 cells were showed 71.3% cytotoxicities against K562 cells.CTLs derived from cultures with DCs loaded with frozen-thawed antigen and CD40L were showed 86.9% cytotoxicities against K562 cells.Cytotoxicities by CTLs derived from cultures with unloaded DCs against K562 cells were 37.6% and cytotoxicities by monocytes were 21.1%.Cytotoxicities by CTLs derived from experiment groups were stronger than control groups(P

Objective To investigate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lumbar dorsal root ganglions (DRG) of rats model of high-dose fentanyl induced hyperalgesia. Methods 64 male SD rats were divided into 2 groups (n = 32), fentanyl group and normal saline (NS) group. The rats were injected with fentanyl (60 μg/kg) or NS 4 times in total subcutaneously with a 15-minute interval. Mechanical and thermal nociception were measured via the tail pressure test (tail flick thresholds, TFT) and paw withdrawal test (paw withdrawal latency, PWL) at 1 day before, at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hour and on 1 ~ 7 day after administration. 4 rats were sacrificed and the lumbar DRG were harvested to analyze the expression of PGE2 , IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-αvia ELISA. Results There were no significant changes of TFT, PWL and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DRG compared to baseline of rats in NS group. The value of TFT , PWL in fentanyl group were above the baseline at the 1 ~ 4 hour and below the baseline at 1~3 day after fentanyl injections. PGE2 , IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 increased on 1,3,5,7 day after fentanyl injections significantly. Conclusions High-dose fentanyl induced significant hyperalgesia and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DRG. The expression pro-inflammatory cytokines peaked later and were more protracted than the change of behavior test and show no direct relationship between the two.