Objective:To investigate the current status of periodontal diseases in the population at the age of 12,35~44 and 65~74 years in Chongqing,to provide information for the establishment of oral health care policies in Chongqing. Methods:A stratified equal-sized randomly sampling design was applied to obtain 751 objects aged at 12 years old,723 objects aged at 35~44 years old and 722 objects aged at 65~74 years old of three cities and three rural areas in Chongqing. The status of gingival bleeding,dental calculus,periodontal pocket and loss of attachment were assessed according to "The Guidline for the Third National Oral Health Survey" by using a CPI prode.The detection rates were calculated and were compared in aspect of area and gender. Results:In the group aged 12,the detection rates of gingival bleeding and dental calculus were 79.49% and 86.68% respectively and the detection rates of dental calculus in rural areas were higher than that of urban residents(P

Objective:To explore the significance of ethical issues in emergency medicine.Method:Literature review combined with specific features of emergency department in author's hospital is employed to explore the ethical issues in current emergency medicine,and the necessity to emphasize ethical issues.Related countermeasures are also come up with according to a small sample investigation among emergency residents in author's hospital.Result:Due to the unique characteristics of emergency medicine,there are specific ethical issues arising in emergency department.Conclusion:Enough emphasis should be attached to the reasons for ethical issues in emergency medicine.Relevant regulations and patients triage should be improved in emergency medical treatment.It is also called for to value patients' legal rights,strengthen physician-patient communication,and protect patients' life safety after emergency treatment.Meanwhile,it is also significant to relieve emergency doctors' stress at work,and strengthen sustainable on-job training and team-work of emergency doctors.

Chronic constipation (CC) is one of the most common digestive diseases with high prevalence and long course.CC patients often suffer from sleep disorders and psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.Somatic and mental symptoms may affect with each other, so a vicious circle will develop to impair patients′ quality of life (QOL) and increase their economic burden.The article reviews the impact of chronic constipation on QOL and economic burden of patients, indicating that clinician should pay sufficient attentions on chronic constipation.

BACKGROUND: Rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation is a very valuable model for experimental study in liver transplantation including organ preservation, tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury, allograft rejection and immune tolerance mechanism. Stable liver transplantation animal model is the basis of the related experimental studies. However, its experimental operation is long and boring, especially performed by a single operator under direct vision. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the operation techniques to establish a stable rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation by a single operator under direct vision. METHODS: The orthotopic liver transplantation was performed using two-cuff method in 50 pairs of rats. We exposed the abdominal cavity fully, perfused the donor liver through abdominal aorta without flipping donor liver; suprahepatic inferior vena cava was in vivo cut down using one-step method, without diaphragm ring; the suprahepatic inferior vena cava was anastomosed with single-row suture, and the cuff of portal vein was installed by fixing the blood vessel forceps on rubber. Hepatic artery was not reconstructed. Fluid replacement was administered to maintain hemodynamic stability in rats after operation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The donor operative time was (36.2± 2.5) minutes, donor liver trimming time was (12.2± 1.5) minutes, receptor operative time was (45.6 ± 3.5) minutes, suprahepatic inferior vena cava anastomosis time was (10.1 ± 2.1) minutes, portal vein cuff time was (1.5 ±0.9) minutes, infrahepatic inferior vena cave cuff time was (1.1 ± 0.6) minutes, anhepatic phase was (15.1 ± 2.2) minutes. The success ratio of the operation was 100% and the survival rates within 1 week and 1 month were all 100%. It is indicated that the key factors of a successful model were stable anesthesia, good donor liver perfusion, adequate exposure, skilled microsurgical technology and vascular anastomosis technique.

Antithyroid drugs(ATD)is the main treatment for hyperthyroidism and its adverse reactions have been much concerned by physicians. Methimazole(MMI)and propylthiouracil(PTU)are the two common antitithyroid drugs used currently. Generally, the ATD are safe and effective, though their clinical adverse reactions are also relatively common. The toxic effects include liver damage and leukocytopenia, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated pulmonary small-vessel vasculitis, hypoglycemia, allergic reactions, muscle impairment,and so on. They are usually reversible and disappear spontaneously when the drug is discontinued. However,the serious rare side effects can also occur and there may have potentially deadly threatening effects which need to be cautious for the clinicians. MMI is usually preferred over PTU because it has significantly fewer side effects. And unlike the dose-dependent side effects of MMI, there has no significant correlation between adverse reaction and drug dosage in using PTU. Moreover, PTU has more severe hepatotoxity than MMI, even fatal liver impairment and liver failure. The risk of liver damage from PTU is an important concern, particularly in children. For this reason, MMI is the first choice for treating children with hyperthyroidism.

OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacokinetics of aclacinomycin A polylactide lyophilized nanopartical (ACM-A-PLA-NP) in plasma of rabbit.METHODS:HPLC was selected to determine the concentration of aclacinomycin A in plasma after a single dose of ACM-A-PLA-NP and lyophilized ACM-A.RESULTS:The pharmacokinetic parameters of these two dosage forms were obtained by 3p87.CONCLUSION:The lyophilized ACM-A-PLA-NP has a more sustained release character comparing with the lyophilized ACM-A.

Objective:To obtain the morphological data of permanent teeth excavated from the Long County in Shaanxi Province about 2 000 years ago.Methods:Morphological methods were used to measure all teeth of 59 human skulls excavated from the Long County in Shaanxi Province about 2 000 years ago and conserved in Chinese Academy of Science.The information included length of tooth,height of dental crown,length of dental root,breadth of the dental crown,thickness of the dental crown,breadth of the dental neck and thickness of the dental neck.The data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software.Results:Length of tooth,height of dental crown,length of dental root,breadth of the dental crown,thickness of the dental crown,breadth of the dental neck and thickness of the dental neck of all teeth of 59 human skulls were reported.Conclusion:It suggests that the measured data may be useful in anthropological research.

Silent cerebral infarction is widely exist in the elderly population.It is considered to be the early clinical stage of symptomatic stroke and cognitive impairment.The incidences of silent cerebral infarction are higher in patients with atrial fibrillation and after atrial fibrillation ablation.It is not clear whether anticoagulant therapy can prevent silent cerebral infarction and improve cognitive function in patients with atrial fibrillation.This article reviews the hot issues related to silent cerebral infarction and atrial fibrillation.

AIM:To establish a simple RP-HPLC method for determining levodopa in Mucuna pruriens var.utilis,and study the levodopa content in different parts of Mucuna pruriens var.utilis and in various growth periods two cultispecies(white flower and purpleflower). METHODS: A RP-HPLC method was used for the determination of levodopa on a Polaris RP-C18(250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m) column.The mobile phase was methanol-potassium dihydrogne phosphate(10∶90,pH3.38)for seed,flower,leaf,stem and root,and methanol-potassium dihydrogne phosphate(5∶95,pH3.17)for pod.The detection wavelength was at 280 nm,and flow rate was 1 mL/min. RESULTS: The levodopa content in seed and white-flower cultispecies were higher.In the growth periods,the levodopa content was higher in the sample collected when the pod matured and became dry. CONCLUSION: White-flower cultispecies of M.pruriens var.utilis is the good cultispecies.matured and dry pod is the optimal harvesting time for this herbal medicine.

Solutions of chitosan and carrageenan were co-reacted under various experimental conditions to form water-insoluble precipitates. DR. spectroscopic studies and the counter -ions analyses revealed that the combination of the polyions proceeded through the electrostatic interaction between the - NH+3 of chitosan and the - SO3 of carrageenan, and the mole retios of N/S in the poly-electrolyte complexes (PEC) thus prepared have large scope depending on pH, the degree of deacetyla-tion (DD) of chitosan as well as the mixin ratio of the complexing components. The observation of the PEC by scanning electron microscopy showed that there exist fibrous structures in some PEC depending on such reactive conditions as pH, DD of chitosan related with the charge densities of chitosan chains. The solubility of PEC, which is greatly affected by the DD of chitosans, and the blood compatibility have also been studied.