The basic principles and methods of information classification and encoding, as well as the present situation of classification of medical consumable materials, are introduced. By adopting multi-stage classification and encoding structure to information of medical consumable materials, the classification and encoding become more scientific, flexible and practical, which avails the informational management of medical consumable materials.

Objective To discuss the management specifications of medical device application. Methods The article discussed the management specifications of medical device application, such as equipping principle, bar code management, annual assessment, and secondary warehouse, proposed beneficial plan and steps. Results With further implementation, it will enable the management of medical device application more refined, even more targeted and effective. Conclusion The equipment management regulations relates to a number of policy requirements which belongs to different countries, and it waits for consummating unceasingly.

Objective To discuss the specification of centralized management of hospital medical equipment to enhance the efficiency and economical benefit.Methods Centralized management center of medical equipment and general medical equipment leasing system were established.The environment requirements,economic accounting and data statistics were also discussed.Results The utilization rate of medical equipment was enhanced greatly,and purchase cost was decreased.Conclusion Hospital administrators can find reference to serve for first-line clinician.

Objective To investigate the indications and mid-term outcomes of periacetabular osteotomy through ilioinguinal approach for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in middle-aged (40-50years old) adult patients.Methods Data of 10 adult patients who had undergone periacetabular osteotomies through ilioinguinal approach for DDH from August 2005 to February 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.There were 7 females and 3 males,aged from 40 to 47 years (average,42 years).Bilateral hips were involved in 3 patients,and unilateral hip was involved in 7 patients.Before this hospitalization,1 patient had received Chari osteotomy,and 1 had received hip-shelf procedure.According to the T(o)nnis classification,3 hips were classified as Grade 0,5 as Grade Ⅰ and 2 as Grade Ⅱ.The Shenton line was discontinuous in 6 hips.The average lateral center-edge angle was 3.50°±4.88°; the average anterior center-edge angle was 1.80°±5.07°; the average acetabular index angle was 18.20°±3.01°; the average femoral head extrusion index was 31.30％±4.37％; the average Harris hip score was 67.40±7.75.Changes of the indexes mentioned above were observed during the whole period of follow-up.Results All patients were followed up for 10 to 76 months (average,37 months).The T(o)nnis grade improved in 2 cases,from preoperative Grade Ⅰ and Grade Ⅱ to Grade 0 and Grade Ⅰ at final follow-up,respectively.At final follow-up,the Shenton line was discontinuous in 2 hips; the average lateral center-edge angle improved to 30.40°±3.31°,the average anterior center-edge angle improved to 29.50°±3.03°,the average acetabular index angle decreased to 4.50°±2.55°,the average femoral head extrusion index decreased to 9.90％±4.33％; the average Harris hip score increased to 84.10±4.07.The major complications included 3 cases of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve palsy which recovered in 4 to 6 months,and 1 case of iliac fossa hematoma which disappeared in 2 weeks.Conclusion With more strict surgery indication and more meticulous manipulation,periacetabular osteotomy through ilioinguinal approach can achieve satisfactory results in the treatment of DDH in middle-aged adults,which can increase hip joint congruence,relieve hip symptom and delay progression of osteoarthritis.

Objective To observe the space-time patterns of damaged outer hair cells(OHCs) in rat cochlea at the early stage after exposure to impulse noise. Methods Wistar rats were exposed to 100 emissions of impulse noise (3 seconds interval between each emission) at 154 dB SPL. Four times (10 min, 30 min, 3h and 6h) after the noise exposure, the animals were sacrificed and the organs of Corti were processed for detection of OHC death modes. The apoptotic and necrotic OHCs were distinguished by propidium iodide (PI), a fluorescent probe specifically labeling the nuclear DNA. The specimens were examined under a fluorescence microscope for assessment of OHC damage. Results Nuclear chromatin began to shrink as the chromatin condensed around the nuclear periphery. The peripheral chromatin ring condensed into discrete mass. Chromatin masses appeared to bleb off from the nuclear surface, forming apoptotic bodies at 10 min after the noise exposure. There were a few swollen nuclei appeared 30 min after the noise exposure. Loss of OHC nuclei could be seen 3 h after the noise exposure. The cochlear lesion expanded to contain a large number of missing OHCs and seriously shrunken nuclei at 6 h after the noise exposure. Conclusions The results of the study indicate that death of OHCs takes place extremely rapid after the impulse noise exposure. The apoptosis of OHCs precedes necrosis. OHC apoptosis is a quick process. Most of dead outer hair cells were eliminated 6 h after the noise exposure.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of Wallerian degeneration (WD) of secondary pyramidal tract after supratentorial cerebrovascular diseases, and to study the relationship between secondary WD and clinical performance. Methods We retrospectively reviewed and investigated the results of brain CT films of 272 cases suffered from supratentorial cerebral vascular diseases during 2001 till 2004. The number of supratentorial disorders was counted respectively in WD group and non-WD group, the distribution feature of these disorders was analyzed, and the changes in the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain and Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADLs) were determined. The information obtained was analyzed statistically respectively. Results Seventy-four cases of secondary WD were found, the rate of WD outbreak was 27.2%. In WD group, the ipsilateral cerebral peduncle of supratentorial disorder was significantly narrower than contralateral cerebral peduncle (P

Objective To study curative effects of infrared fluoroscopic navigation guided percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Methods A total of 28 cases of osteoporotic vetebral compression fractures(41 vertebrae) underwent infrared fluoroscopic navigation guided percutaneous vertebroplasty.The fracture was located at T_6～L_4 segment,including 16 thoracic vertebrae and 25 lumbar vertebrae.Fluoroscopic images of the spine were obtained,calibrated,and saved after the reference shelf was fixed on the spinous process of fractured vertebrae.The trajectory,a virtual tool corresponding to the tracked tool,was overlaid onto the saved fluoroscopic views in real time.Postoperative X-ray and CT examinations were performed to observe the vertebral body diaplasis as well as the distribution and leakage of bone cement.The vertebral body volume was measured with CT volumetry preoperatively and postoperatively.The visual analogue scale(VAS) scores were compared before and after operation. Results The bone cement was successfully injected in all the 41 vertebrae.Percutaneous vertebroplasty was performed in 13 vertebrae,while percutaneous kyphoplasty was conducted in 28 vertebrae(including balloon expansion in 12 vertebrae and "sky" expansion in 16 vertebrae).Vertebral body injection was performed via unilateral pedicle in 26 vertebrae and via bilateral pedicle in 15 vertebrae.Of the 28 cases,cement injection was carried out in one vertebral body in 17 cases,in two vertebral bodies in 9 cases,and in three bodies in 2 cases.No intraoperative deaths,nerve root or spinal cord injuries,or pulmonary embolism and cardiovascular or cerebrovascular emergencies occurred.The operative time for each vertebra was 7.7～20.7 min(14.2?3.3 min) in percutaneous vertebroplasty and 11.2～32.4 min(21.8?5.4 min) in percutaneous kyphoplasty.The X-ray exposure dose for each vertebra was 5.4～19.6 dGy(12.5?3.6 dGy).The amount of injected cement for each vertebra was 2.2 ～6.8 ml(4.6?1.2 ml).The vertebral volume was elevated from preoperative 21.4?4.6 cm3 to postoperative 25.8?5.4 cm3(t=5.623,P=0.000).The VAS scores decreased from preoperative 7.6?1.2 to postoperative 2.9?0.7(t=12.946,P=0.000).No serious complications or vertebral collapses were found during follow-up examinations for 3~14 months(mean,8 months) in the 28 cases. Conclusions Use of infrared fluoroscopic navigation for guiding percutaneous vertebroplasty is feasible.

1.8?104 s)while the Mumford-Shah model based Level Set algorithm was much faster(5.42 s).Conclusion The Mumford-Shah model based Level Set algorithm can achieve urine sediment examinations accurately with both fast speed and strong robustness to the noise.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of 3D-CT navigation in guiding pedicle screw fixation in the thoracic spine.Methods Thoracic pedicle screw placement guided by 3D-CT navigation was performed on 24 cases,including 14 patients with thoracic spine fractures,6 thoracic tumors,and 4 scoliosis.CT data was input into the navigation system,and point-matching test was chosen.The optimal position,diameter,and length of the screw were set up using navigation stick after true-up.Then,the screw was placed dynamically in a stereo way according to navigation plan.After the operation,the position of the pedicle screw was assessed with CT using the Rampersaud grading system.Results Under the guidance of 3D-CT navigation,a total of 144 screws were successfully fixed into the 24 patients.According to the Rampersaud grading system,136 of the screws were at grade A(94.4%),6 at grade B,1 grade C,and 1 grade D.No postoperative injury of the nerve or spinal cord was observed.Of the patients,22 were followed up for a mean of 8 months(range,6-14 months).During the follow-up,no loose or breakage of the screw was detected by X-ray and CT.No delayed spinal cord injury was found.Conclusions The thoracic pedicle screw placement can be accurately guided by 3D-CT navigation.

Epidemiology is a discipline both old and young.It's not until the 1970 s-1980 s,theoretical framework of epidemiology,as well as its study design and analysis methods were systematically summarized and improved.Since 1990s,modern epidemiology has made considerable progress,which is constantly updating our health concept and health model.Meantime,it's been continuously converging with other relevant discipline,gradually forming new branches and expanding its application.This paper summarizes the trends of epidemiology in recent decades,and explores the future direction of development.