Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients,which could be attributed to many factors.Antidiuretic hormone plays an important role in the development and progression of hyponatremia.It has been reported that estrogen affects antidiuretic hormone level,the number and sensitivity of related receptors,and effects of antidiuretic hormone,resulting in gender difference in occurrence and outcome of hyponatremia.

Plasma protein carbamylation may change the structure of protein , thus influencing its function.Carbamylation is mainly through combination of cyanate with protein , which is elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly because cyanate level is raised due to decomposition of the increasing urea in this population .Carbamylated plasma protein may influence the kidney directly , and has potential value in eval-uation of complications , prognosis , and therapy of chronic kidney disease patients .This review introduced plas-ma protein carbamylation and summarized its value as a biomarker in chronic kidney disease , and promising therapy focusing on lowering plasma protein carbamylation based on recent advances .

Phospholipase A2 receptor,a transmembrane protein located on glomerular podocytes,had been proved to be the target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy and provided us a new road to uncover the mechanisms of its pathogenesis.In this review,we described the structure and physiological function of phospholipase A2 receptor and highlighted the role of its autoantibody in idiopathic membranous nephropathy.Finally we suggested several possible aspects of its future clinical application.( Chin J Lab Med,2012,35:792-794 )

Objective To elucidate the mechanism of angiotensin (Ang) Ⅱ in regulation of renin synthesis and secretion in primary cultured juxtaglomerular granular cells (JGCs). Methods Mice JGCs were isolated and cultured as described before. Real-time PCR was used to demonstrate the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme (CE) and angiotencin receptor (AT1, AT2) in JGCs. Ang Ⅱ was co-cultured with JGCs stimulated by PGE2 and isoproternol or not. Renin activity in supernatant was detected by radioimmunoassay and renin mRNA expression was examined by real-time PCR. Different concentrations of Ang Ⅱ were co-cultured with JGCs with different time (1 h, 4 h and 24 h), cAMP in cell lysate and supernatant was measured by Cayman Cyclic AMP EIA Kit. The cytoplasmic calcium was decreased by BAPTA-AM, and increased by thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, which could be used to observe the cAMP concentration affected by calcium. Adenylyl cyclase type 5, 6 (AC5, AC6) mRNA expression of JGCs co-cultured with Ang Ⅱ was measured by real-time PCR. Results Real-time PCR confirmed the expression of ACE and AT mRNA in JGCs of WT mice. Angiotensin Ⅱ reduced renin secretion in primary cultures of JGCs [(370.6±36.9) vs (299.6±25.7) ng AngI'ml~(-1)·h~(-1), P=0.014]. Angiotensin Ⅱ dose-dependently down-regulated forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in JGCs. Thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid decreased cAMP level. BAPTA-AM increased cAMP production obviously [(11.09±0.48) vs (3.55±0.47) nmol/L, P<0.01]. Ang Ⅱ inhibited AC5 mRNA expression by 42.12%, but did not inhibit AC6 mRNA expression. Conclusions Angiotensin Ⅱ can directly inhibit renin synthesis and secrestion maybe through reducing AC-stimulated cAMP levels. Crosstalk between calcium and cAMP system may exist in precise regulation of renin in JGCs.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the antibiotic activity of Moxifloxacin (MFX) combined with Cefoperazone/Sulbactam (CPZ/SBT) against clinical common resistant bacteria for clinical reference of rational use of antibacterials.METHODS: The MIC of two antibiotics used alone or in combination on staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosas(50 strains,respectively)and Escherichia coli,enterobacter cloacae(20 strains,respectively)were detected respectively by Vitek-32 Model (Full Automated bacterium Detection Device) and the fractional inhibitory concentration(FIC) index was calculated. RESULTS: The combination of two antibiotics significantly reduced MIC on 190 common resistant pathogenic strains and enhanced antibiotic action. Their antibacterial action in vitro was characterized by synergism and additive action. CONCLUSION: The study can present reference for hospital treatment of infection induced by common drug-resistant bacteria.

Objective To observe the effects of high glucose(HG) on the expression of PAI-1 /tPA and the activation of NF-KB in human proximal tubular cell(HKC) ,and explore whether these effects can be reversed by lovastatin. Methods Chromogenic substance was used to show the activity of tPA and PAI-1. The expression of PAI-1 mRNA was examined by RT-PCR. Immunoblotting and laser confocal microscopy were applied to examine the expression of p65 in nuclear. Results HG could up-regulated the activity of PAI-1 from(8. 23?0. 02) to (8.40?0. 07) IU/ml, and down-regulated the activity of tPA from (6. 22?0. 52) to (4. 9?0. 11) IU/ml (control vs HG, P

Objective To investigate the hepatitis C virus(HCV) and hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection in hemodialysis patients in several hemodialysis centers in Beijing.Methods HCV RNA,HBV DNA(PCR) and the serum virus antibody(ELISA) were detected in 225 uremia patients.50 volunteers and the employers in hemodialysis center were also as controls.The relationship between the infection of hepatitis virus and the dialysis time,blood infusion and hepatic function was analysed.Results 37 patients(16.4%) were positive in HCV RNA,3 patients(1.33%) positive in HBV DNA.The logistic analysis showed that blood infusion and the time of hemodialysis were the risk factors.3 patients(3/99,3.0%) were found to be infected with both hepatitis B and C,with disorder of liver function and clinical symptoms.8.1%(8/99) of patients with positive HBcAb were infected with HCV.Conclusion The prevalence of HCV infection in hemodialysis patients is serious.Hemodialysis time and times of blood transfusion are the major ways to transmit HCV.

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance.Other than neurological complications,other complications of hyponatremia have not received due attention.Mild,chronic hyponatremia can result in subtle symptoms such as gait disturbance and falls,and increase the risks of osteoporosis and fractures.This paper reviewed the emerging relationship between hyponatremia and bone metabolism,its possible mechanisms and clinical implications.

Objective To investigate the incidence of AKI and its relationship to mortality of inpatients by analyzing the changes of serum creatinine(SCr). Methods We collected the data of SCr in Peking Union Medical College Hospital through Jun 2006 to May 2007 and then selected the patients who were subjected to SCr determination more than one time. The relationship between the frequency of SCr determination and gender, age was analyzed. The relationship of increased SCr to gender, age, frequency of determination was also analyzed. The risk stratification based on SCr was investigated. In our study, we investigated the incidence of AKI in different diagnostic groups. The relationship between AKI and mortality in ICU and MICU unit was analyzed. Results There were 36 855 patients in one year, 16 934 patients were subjected to SCr determination only one time, 15 233 patients were subjected to SCr determination at least two times. Elder men were subjected to SCr determination more frequently (P<0.01). Along with the increase of SCr concentration, the frequency of SCr determination were increased significantly (P<0.01). Using the increasing of SCr exceeding 50% as the criteria for diagnosis of AKI, the incidence of hospital-acquired AKI was 8.46%, and it was higher in patients with injury and poisoning (16.7%), infection (16.0%), hematological system diseases (16.1%), neoplasms (12.7%). The incidence of AKI was 27.7% and 55.2% in ICU and MICU, respectively. Mortality of patients in MICU was increased along with the increasing of SCr level Mortality of patients with AKI in ICU was 23.3%, that was significant higher than patients without AKI, the adjust OR was 2.7 (P<0.01). Conclusions The incidence of AKI evaluated by analyzing SCr changing is significantly higher than that using experienced clinical diagnosis. This method is convenient in clinic for early diagnosis of AKI.

Objective To investingate the effect of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) on epithelial -mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs).Methods (1)HPMCs were randomly divided into control group,LDL group (100 mg/L) and LDL (100 mg/L) + lactoferrin (100 mg/L,LDL receptor blocking agent) group.After co-cultured for 24 h,the expression of LDL receptor in HPMCs was examined by immunofluorescence staining,and the LDL uptake by HPMCs was observed with oil red O staining.(2)HPMCs were cultured with different concentrations of LDL (0,25,50,100 mg/L).After co-cultured for 24 h,the change of cell morphology was observed by inverted phase contrast microscope,and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was examined by immunofluorescence.(3) HPMCs were randomly divided into control group (5.6 mmol/L glucose),mannitol group (M,2.18％ mannitol),low glucose group (LG,30 mmol/L),high glucose group (HG,120 mmol/L) and HG + LDL group (120 mmol/L glucose + 100 mg/L LDL).Cocultured for 48 h,the mRNA expression of α-SMA,E-cadherin and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) was detected by real-time quantitative PCR,the protein expression of α-SMA was detected by Western blotting,the content of type I collagen (Col I) and PAI-1 in supernatant was detected by ELISA.Results (1) After co-cultured with LDL for 24 h,the expressin of LDL receptor was found on the cell membrane of HPMCs.Oil red staining showed that LDL could be uptaken into the cells and abolished by LDL receptor blocker.(2) HPMCs tended to be loosely intercellular connected to each ofher,and prsesnted significant formation of fibroblast-like spindle morphology.The cytoplasm immunofluorescence intensity of α-SMA gradually increased with the increase of LDL concentration.Compared to the control group,the expressions of α-SMA mRNA and protein were significantly increased,and the expression of E-cadherin mRNA was decreased in HG + LDL group(all P ＜ 0.05).But the expressions of the parameters above-mentioned were not significant different between HG group and HG + LDL group or between HG group and control group.(3) Compared with HG group or control group,the concentrations of Col Ⅰ [(19.27±0.17) μg/L vs (14.09±0.30) μg/L or (14.81±0.91) μg/L,all P ＜ 0.05] and PAI-1 [(498.24±76.91) ng/L vs (342.19±30.43) ng/L or (220.39±33.82) ng/L,all P ＜ 0.05] in supernatant of HPMCs were significantly up-regulated in HG + LDL group,meanwhile the expression of PAI-1 mRNA was significantly higer than that in control group (P =0.022).Conclusions HPMCs uptake LDL into cells via LDL receptors.LDL can induce HPMCs transdifferentiation in the condition of high glucose,increase the secretion of Col Ⅰ,inhibit the degradation of ECM through up-regulating the expression of PAI-1,and lead to ECM accumulation.