Objective To investigate the application effect of cleaning packaging of surgical medical apparatus and instruments in sterilization and supply center of hospital. Methods The first-time qualification rate of cleaning,packaging and sterility test and incidence rate of nosocomial infection before and after the application of cleaning packaging of surgical medical apparatus and instruments in sterilization and supply center of hospital.The application effect was comprehensively evaluated. Results The first-time qualification rate of cleaning,packaging and sterility test after the application of cleaning packaging of surgical medical apparatus and instruments in sterilization and supply center were significantly increased.The incidence rate of nosocomial infection was 1.5％ before and 5.5％ after the application of cleaning packaging of surgical medical apparatus and instruments,the difference was significant. Conclusions Application of cleaning packaging of surgical medical apparatus and instruments in sterilization and supply center can effectively control the cleaning and packaging quality,guarantee the thoroughness of subsequent disinfection and sterilization,decrease the incidence rate of nosocomial infection caused by poor quality of surgical medical apparatus and instruments.It creates reliable medical environment for patients and obtain good social and economic benefit,which is worthy of wide application.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn in the pollen by flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS).Methods Wet digestion-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn in the pollen.Results In the selected experimental conditions, the recovery rates of these elements were 98.5%-103.0% and the coefficient of variation was 1.13%-2.36%.The detection limits were 0.40 ?g/L for Fe, 0.08 ?g/L for Cu, 0.20 ?g/L for Zn, 0.14 ?g/L for Mn.The linear range was 0.00-2.00 mg/L.Conclusion FAAS is simple, fast, accurate for the determination of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn in the pollen.

Objective To investigate the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the distribution, pro-portion and immunosuppressive activities of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in a mouse model of liver cancer.Methods Orthotopic transplantation of H22 cell line was performed to establish the mouse model of orthotopic liver cancer.Forty mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) on the 7th day after transplantation.Three different doses of 5-FU (10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg and 50mg /kg) and 0.4 ml of PBS were respectively given to the mice in each group for 10 consecutive days .A control group without canc-er cell transplantation was set up correspondingly .The distribution of MDSCs in mice liver tissues was detec-ted by immunohistochemistry .The proportions of MDSCs in spleen tissues were tested by flow cytometry . The levels of IFN-γand Arginase-I ( Arg-I) in serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay.The activities of nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) in serum samples were tested by chemical colori-metry.The proliferation of T lymphocytes was assessed by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltet-razolium bromide (MTT) test.Results 5-FU reduced the tumor size and alleviated the adhesion between liver tissues and abdominal cavity in mice with liver cancer in a dose-dependent manner .The proportions of MDSCs in liver and spleen tissues from mice in four model groups were significantly higher than those in con - trol group (P<0.05).The highest proportions of MDSCs were observed in PBS treated group , followed by 10 mg/kg of 5-FU treated group , 30 mg/kg of 5-FU treated group and 50 mg/kg of 5-FU treated group .Ex-cept for comparing between PBS treated group and 10 mg/kg of 5-FU treated group, there were significant differences with the proportions of MDSCs in liver tissues among other groups (P<0.05).The levels of Arg-I and the activities of NOS in mice with liver cancer were higher than those in control group (P<0.05).The mice in PBS treated group showed the highest level of Arg-I and the strongest activities of NOS that were de-creased as concentrations of 5-FU increased( P<0.05).The levels of IFN-γin serum samples from mice with liver cancer were lower than those in control group , and the lowest level was detected in PBS treated group.IFN-γlevels were increased as concentrations of 5-FU elevated.Except for comparing between PBS treated group and 10 mg/kg of 5-FU treated group , significant differences with the levels of IFN-γin serum samples (P<0.05) were observed among other groups .No significant differences with the proliferation of T cells were observed among all groups after 24 hours of culture (P>0.05),but that were decreased in model groups than those in control group after 48 hours of culture (P<0.05).T cells from mice in PBS treated group showed the lowest level of proliferation .T cell proliferation was enhanced upon the treatment of 5-FU in a dose-dependent manner .Except for comparing between PBS treated group and 10 mg/kg of 5-FU treated group, significant differences with T cell proliferation were observed among other groups (P<0.05).The proportions of MDSCs in liver and spleen tissues were positively correlated with the levels of Arg -I and the activities of NOS, but negatively correlated with IFN-γlevel and T cell proliferation at the time point of 48 h.Conclusion To a certain extent , 5-FU could reduce the numbers of MDSCs in liver and spleen tis-sues from mice with liver cancer , inhibit immunosuppressive activities of MDSCs and restrain the growth of the tumor in a dose-dependent manner .

Objective To study the responsibilities of nurses at different levels in providing clini cal care for patients in wards.Methods On the basis of conducting hierarchical management on nurses,the tasks of nurses in providing patients in wards with clinical care were summed up by means of data analysis and field observation.According to the tasks,a questionnaire about the responsibilities of nurses at all levels was designed.The 132 nurses from a Grade-3 Class-A general hospital in Chongqing Municipality who were responsible for providing clinical cares for patients in wards completed these questionnaires.Results Nurses in charge of providing clinical care for patients in wards usually undertook 11 tasks which could be divided into four aspects,which were,clinical nursing,nursing management,teaching on nursing and research into nursing.Based on the 11 tasks,44 responsibilities these nurses shouldered were defined,which included 4 responsibilities for N0-level nurses,6 for N1-level nurses,10 for N2-level nurses,11 for N3-level nurses,8 for N4-level nurses and 5 for N5-level nurses.Conclusions By defining in a scientific and systematic way the responsibilities and tasks of nurses at different levels in providing clinical cares for patients in wards,the research offered clinical nurses clear guidance on their work,and provided basis for the hospital's decision on clinical nurses,such as the personnel allocation,performance assessment and training; it could also help promote the position management on the work of nurses in China.

Objective To study the changes of microarchitecture, bone mineral density (BMD) , and bone mineral content (BMC) in apolipoprtein E knockout( ApoE-/-) mice. Methods Male ApoE-/- mice at 15, 28, and 40-week of age and sex-age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were involved in the study. The trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture were assessed by micro-CT( μCT) in the right distal femur. The total body BMD of the left femur was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA). The relationships among BMD, microarchitecture, and BMC were analyzed. Results Compared with WT mice,the advancing age ApoE-/- mice showed an increased volumetric BMD (vBMD), tissue BMD (tBMD) , BMC, bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb. N ) , trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) with an decreased bone surface fraction ( BS/BV), trabecular separation (Tb. SP) , and the structure mode index (P <0. 05 ) in the cancellous bone of femur. The cortical bone microarchitecture parameters as inner perimeter, outer perimeter, cortical area, marrow area, total area and moment of inertia were also increased, but cortical BMD, cortical bone mineral content (C. BMC) and cortical thickness retained constant. At the age of 28 weeks,the total body BMD in ApoEE-/- mice revealed higher than WT mice (P<0. 05) and there was no changes in 15 and 40-week-old mice compared with the sex-age-matched controls. vBMD was positively correlated with BMC, BV/TV,Tb. Th, BS/BV, and C. BMC, with the correlation coefficients 0.955,0.944,0. 834,0.923, and 0.903 .respectively, and there was no correlation between vBMD and the other parameters. Conclusions ApoEE-/- mice display an increased bone mass, suggesting that ApoE has an important role in bone remodeling.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of velocity parameters of Tardus-Parvus for the detection of renal artery stenosis ( RAS) ( diameter reduction ≥50%) and to determine the useful cutoffs for these parameters .Methods A study group was composed of 221 renal arteries that were detected Tardus-Parvus by color Doppler flow imaging and were referred to abdomino-aorto-re-nal arteriography afterwards .Five Doppler parameters including the peak systolic velocity ( PSV ) , end-diastolic minimum velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI), acceleration time (AT), and accelerated velocity (AC) from each location including renal aorta ( MRA) , segmental artery ( SRA) , interlobar artery ( IRA) , and arcuate artery ( ARA) were archived and compared among the differ-ent groups .Renal artery angiography showed arterial canon reduced 50% or higher RAS .Arteries were considered stenosed on renal arteriography if there was a diameter reduction of greater than 50%.Statistical analysis to determine the best parameter for predicting a RAS was performed with the receiver operating characteristic ( ROC) curves.The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predicting values at various cutoffs were calculated .Results Renal artery stenosis degree was less than 50% in 16 cases, 50%~99%in 197 cases, completely occluded in 2 cases, and no stenosis in 6 case by renal arteriography .For RAS with inner diameter re-duction of 50%or more, the ROC curve analysis showed renal artery flow velocity had a good sensitivity and specificity , 50%~99%of the RAS had optimal threshold value in PSV 20 cm/s, EDV 10 cm/s, RI 0.50, AT 0.09 s, and AC 1.5 m/s2.Conclusions Tardus-Parvus had high specificity and sensitivity for diagnosis of stenosis rate in more than 50% of the RAS, low sensitivity for the narrow degree in 0~49%, and no clinical value for the renal artery occlusion .

Objective To compare the difference of the sense of security and social support between left-behind women and non left-behind women in rural area.Methods Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) and security questionnaire(SQ) were used to measure social support and sense of security of 98 left-behind women and 151 non left-behind women.The data was analyzed by SPSS17.0.Results ①In the social support rating,compared with the non left-behind women,the left-behind women has lower score in the total score((40.561±6.692) vs (59.722±8.699),t=18.530),determining the control factor((21.459±3.891) vs (30.013±4.950),t=14.450) and human security factor((19.102±3.737) vs (29.709±4.849),t=18.392) and the differences were statistical significant(all P＜0.05).②In the social support rating scale,left-behind women had lower scores in total score,exploitation degree of support,subjective support and objective support than the left-behind women(all P＜0.05).③The total score and each factor score of security scale,and the total score and each factor score of social support rating scale in the left-behind women showed significantly positively correlated(r=0.245-0.507,P＜0.05).Conclusion The sense of security and social support of the left behind women were worse than that of non left-behind women.It is necessary to carry out psychological intervention for them.

Objective To quantify the heart and liver iron overload in thalassemia patients and discuss the relationship of iron deposition between them,and to evaluate the accuracy of using hepatic iron concentration ＞ 15 mg/g dry tissue as an index to predict heart iron deposition as used in clinical practice.Methods One hundred and three transfusion-dependent patients with thalassemia,who were older than 5 years,underwent MRI heart and liver measurement to obtain T2 * values.The Spearman rank correlation was employed to analyze the relationship between cardiac T2 * and liver T2 * values.By using liver T2 * =0.96 ms as standard setting,patients were divided into two groups,and the differences of cardiac T2 * values between the two groups were compared by Wilcoxon rank sum test.Then by using cardiac T2 * =10,20 ms as standard setting,patients were divided into 3 groups,and the differences of liver T2 * values among the 3 groups were compared by Wilcoxon rank sum test.The ROC curves were drawn to predict the possibility of using hepatic iron concentration ＞ 15 mg/g dry tissue as an index of cardiac iron deposition.Results The cardiac and liver T2 * values of the 103 thalassemia patients showed low correlation(r =0.453,P =0.000).With the liver T2 * value reduced,the cardiac T2* value did not decline proportionally.The cardiac T2 * value range and median of 25 patients' group whose liver T2 * ＜ 0.96 ms were 4.70 to 41.70 ms and 12.10 ms,respectively.The cardiac T2 * value range and the median of 78 patients' group whose liver T2 * ＞ 0.96 ms were 4.80 to 51.10 ms and 26.10 ms,respectively.There was statistically significant difference between those of the two groups(Z =-3.566,P =0.000).The liver T2 * value range and the median of 20 patients'group whose cardiac T2 * ＜ 10 ms was 0.68 to 3.83 ms and 1.06 ms,respectively.The liver T2 * value range and the median of 58 patients' group whose cardiac T2 * ≥20 ms were 0.74 to 14.80 ms and 1.76 ms,respectively.There was statistical difference between those of the two groups(Z =-3.553,P =0.000).The liver T2 * value range and the median of 25 patients' group with cardiac 10 ms≤T2 * ＜20 ms were 0.69 to 13.59 ms and 0.99 ms,respectively.The values were significantly different from that of T2* ≥20 ms group(Z =-3.951,P =0.000).The liver T2 * values of cardiac T2* ＜ 10 ms group was not statistically different from that of 10 ms≤T2* ＜20 ms group(Z =-0.046,P =0.964).To predict cardiac iron deposition with the index of hepatic iron concentration ＞ 15 mg/g dry tissue,the area under the ROC curve was 0.771.The sensibility was 42.2％,the specificity was 89.7％.Conclusions There is low correlation between heart and liver iron level in thalassemia patients with long-term transfusions.Patients with hepatic iron concentration ＞ 15 mg/g dry tissue have a higher incidence of heart iron deposition,but the accuracy of using hepatic iron concentration as an index to predict myocardial iron deposition is low to moderate.

AIM:To investigate the crosstalk of PKC? isoform with Raf in the signal pathway of vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC)hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II(Ang Ⅱ).METHODS:The protein synthesis of VSMCs was measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation.The expression of PKC? and ERK1/2 proteins were detected by Western blotting.The interaction of the signal molecules was examined by immunoprecipitation.RESULTS:Pretreatment of VSMCs with PKC non-specific inhibitor staurosporine or PKC? pseudosubstrate inhibitor(PS-PKC?),the Ang Ⅱ-induced [3H]-thymidine incorporation into VSMCs was decreased markedly.PS-PKC? pretreatment significantly decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 induced by Ang Ⅱ.Compared with VSMCs transfected with wild type Raf,PKC? phosphorylation was similar in the VSMCs transfected with dominant negative Raf(Raf S621A).Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Ang Ⅱ stimulated the association of Ras with Raf,but PKC? inhibitor had no influence on Ang Ⅱ-induced conjugation of Ras with Raf.After Raf activity was inhibited by Raf S621A,Ang Ⅱ-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation level declined.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that PKC? is involved in protein synthese induced by Ang Ⅱ in VSMCs,but PKC? induces ERK1/2 activation via a Raf-independent pathway.

Objective To investigate the recognition of physicians′ advice about high-alert medications among clinical nurses from grade three and first-class hospitals in Chongqing and to analyse the relevant training requirements. Methods Using a multistage stratified cluster sampling strategy, the physicians′ advice recognition questionnaire of High- alert medications for clinical nurses was administered to 3029 nurses in eight hospitals, to test the nurses′ advice recognition of high-alert medication and collecte training suggestions. Results More than 82.70％(1946/2353) of nurses responded correctly for 8 out of the 12 questions, the accuracy rate of pethidine hydrochloride injection test was 97.11％(2285/2353) and the dopamine hydrochloride injection test was only 28.56％(672/2353). The nurses′ recognition of physicians′ advice of high-alert medications in gender, department, working time and annual income was statistically significant (P<0.10). 81.34％(1914/2353) of the nurses were able to recognize 11 out of the total 24 wrong advices. Pre-job training、theoretical knowledge related to physicians′advice and case-based learning are the best training time, content and form. Conclusions The recognition level of high-alert medications by clinical nurses from grade three and first-class hospitals in Chongqing was not high and the clinical nurses with different gender, department, working time and annual income had different abilities, the targeted training for clinical nurses should be provided.