The rapid advances over the past decades in molecular biology led to new ideas and methods to investigate the mechanism of depression, which enlarged the views of fields from neurological transmitters and related receptors to post-receptor signal transduction levels. It not only help to elucidate the pathogenesis of depression, but also offer beneficial evidence for development of new antidepressants. This paper reviews the development of molecular biological study in depression.

BACKGROUND: In China, diabetic patients suffer from various chronic complications with a higher prevalence, which is nearly close to that in developed countries. Especially in Xinjiang, the prevalence is much higher than the average level, and the level of disease control is very poor as a whole.OBJECTIVE: To study the actuality of controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus in Xinjiang so as to analyze its relationship with disease courses.DESIGN: Cluster sampling and stratified analysis.SETTING: Department of Endocrinology, Xinjiang General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces.PARTICIPANTS: The survey was conducted at ten treatment centers of Xinjiang(the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang MedicalUniversity, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, Urumchi Hospital of Air Force of Chinese PLA, Railway Hospital of Xinjing Uigur Autonomous Region, Military Unit Hospital of Xinjiang, Kuitun Central Hospital of Yili Region of Xinjiang, Kelamay People's Hospital of Xinjiang, Kuler People's Hospital of Xinjiang, the First Division Hospital of Xinjiang Military Unit for Produce and Building, Xinjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine). Totally 646 type 2 diabetic patients who had received treatment for diabetes mellitus for 12 months, at any of the centers were randomly recruited with cluster sampling method including 337 males and 309 females. According to different courses of disease, the subjects were divided into 6 groups: 202 cases in group of ＜ 3 years, 89 in group of 3-4 years,89 in group of 5-6 years, 77 in group of 7-9 years, 108 in group of 10-14years, and 81 in group of ≥ 15 years. All the subjects agreed to participate in the survey.METHODS: Patients detected their blood sugar level and urine sugar level themselves with portable diabetograph and test paper. For them, there were at least four days per week to take diabetic diet which was considered as common diet control, and there were at least three days per week to participate in leisure activity and at least half an hour per day to spend in proper exercise which was considered as frequent exercise. Complications of diabetes mellitus were diagnosed with clinical manifestation, disease history and objective examination. The survey was performed through letter,telephone counseling, and patient's reexamination. Enumeration data was analyzed with chi-square test.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in blood sugar, urine sugar, management of living style, prevalence of complications in all the diabetic patients with different courses of disease.RESULTS: There were 645, 645, 643, 646 patients with complete data of blood sugar and urine sugar determined periodically at home, participated in the observation of the management of living style, prevalence of diabetic complications and treatment for diabetes mellitus, respectively. ①There was no significant difference in blood sugar and urine sugar level deter mined at home every month among patients of different courses (P ＞ 0.05). ② There was no difference in diet control and exercise among patients of different courses (P ＞ 0.05). ③In patients with disease course of ＜ 15 years, prevalence of the complication in large vessels and extremity,retinopathy, and positive expression of proteinuria presented an increased tendency; whereas, a decreased tendency was found in patients with the disease course of ≥ 15 years(χ2=34.16,60.64,49.18,P=0.00). ④The proportion of applied therapies, such as diet control and exercise, oral antidiabetic drug, insulin, and insulin plus oral anti-diabetic drug, was different in patients with different disease courses (χ2=97.88 ,P=0.00). In patients with short disease courses, diet control or oral anti-diabetic drug was administrated more usually; in those with long disease courses, insulin treatment or insulin plus oral anti-diabetic drug was applied more frequently.CONCLUSION: ①Whether patients determine their blood sugar and urine sugar levels by themselves is not correlated with patients' disease courses. ②Diet control and exercise are not in correlation with disease courses. ③ For patients with the disease course of less than 15 years, the proportion of prevalence of various diabetic complications is increased with the increase of disease courses; for those with the disease course of more than 15 years, however, it is decreased significantly. ④Simple diet control or oral anti-diabetic drug is often applied in patients with short disease courses while insulin or insulin plus oral anti-diabetic drug are administrated in most patients with long disease courses.

50% was defined as significant stenosis. Results A 98.7% (778/788) of the coronary artery segments (vessel diameter ≥1.5 mm) could be visualized by 64-slice spiral CT. Compared with catheter angiography in the detection of coronary stenosis, the overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and the accuracy of 64-slice CT coronary angiography were 81.9%, 99.0%, 95.9%, 95.1%, and 95.2% respectively. Overall sensitivity would be 91.8% if corrected methodologically. The sensitivity after methodological correction became 91.8%. Conclusion Sixty-four-slice spiral CT examiniation provides a promising non-invasive approach in detecting coronary stenosis with fairly good accuracy, but can not totally replace catheter coronary angiography yet.

Objective To explore the relationship of gallbladder emptying function and its hemodynamics in diabetic patients. Methods Gallbladder volume ,emptying function and its arterial blood flow were measured by ultrasound. Results The gallbladder volumes of fasting (FV ) and postprandial (RV) increased and the ejection fraction (EF) of gallbladder was decreased in DM group than in NC group (P<0.01). In DM group ,the gallbladder artery’s resistance index (RI) was higher than in NC group [(0.61 ± 0.06) vs (0.70 ± 0.08)](P<0.01). Minimum diastolic blood flow velocity (Vmin) was lower than in NC group [(8.72 ± 1.43) vs (6.05 ± 1.89)cm/s](P<0.01). RI was associated with HbA1c (r= 0.827 ,P< 0.01) and LDL‐C(r= 0.820 ,P< 0.01). Conclusion Gallbladder emptying dysfunction in diabetic patients is associated with the hemodynamics of gallbladder.

Objective To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen( HBO) in craniotomy for traumatic brain injury. Methods The 90 patients with traumatic brain injury who received craniotomy in our hospital from March 2012 to September 2014 were divided into the obser-vation group(51 cases) which received HBO therapy additionally and the control group(39 cases). The remission rate of brain edema,GCS score,incidence of lung infection,infarction incidence and subdural effusion incidence at the same course of HBO treatment between the two groups were observed and compared. Rsults The remission rate of cerebral edema of observation group was higher than that of control group after a course of HBO treatment. And 6 days,9 days,12 days and 15 days after the course of HBO treatment,the GCS scores of observation group/control group were 8. 2/7. 8,9. 8/9. 0,11. 2/10. 3 and 12. 2/12. 0,respectively. The lung infection incidence of study group was lower than that of control group. Conclusion HBO treatment can improve the remission rate of brain edema and GCS scores, and it can reduce lung infection incidence in craniotomy for traumatic brain injury.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect on improving immune function by hemofiltration combined with hemoabsorption in septic patients with low human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) expression.Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted. Sixty sepsis patients aged over 18 years, with HLA-DR expression lower than 30% were enrolled, and they were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, n = 30 in each group. The patients were treated with standard operating procedure for sepsis, and hemofiltration combined with hemoabsorption were added in addition in the experimental group within 1-3 days. The continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) mode was performed, with former dilution volume 4 L/h, and the hemofilter HF2000 was carried out with blood absorber HA-330H. The expression of HLA-DR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined before the treatment and 3, 5, 7 days after treatment. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ(APACHEⅡ) score, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and 28-day survival rate were evaluated in both groups.Results The HLA-DR expression before treatment in experimental group and control group was both lower than 30%, and there was no statistical difference [(25.9±7.3)% vs. (26.4±6.7)%,P>0.05]. The HLA-DR expression at 3, 5, 7 days after treatment in experimental group was gradually increased, and it was significantly higher than that of the control group [3 days: (38.9±8.6)% vs. (29.3±7.1)%, 5 days: (42.7±9.2)%vs. (31.4±6.5)%, 7 days: (40.9±8.5)% vs. (29.4±6.7)%, allP< 0.05]. There was no significant difference in APACHEⅡ score before treatment between experimental group and control group (22.4±5.3 vs. 21.7±6.2,P>0.05). APACHEⅡ score at 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment was gradually decreased in experimental group, and it was obviously lower than that of the control group (3 days: 18.6±3.6 vs. 20.5±4.3, 5 days: 15.8±3.9 vs. 21.1±4.4, 7 days: 14.9±4.2 vs. 19.8±3.7, allP< 0.05). Compared with the control group, the duration of mechanical ventilation (days: 13.3±3.4 vs. 19.8±3.7,t = 6.432,P = 0.003) and length of ICU stay (days: 20.7±3.9 vs. 26.8±4.7,t = 5.452, P = 0.006) in experimental group were significantly shortened, and the 28-day survival rate was significantly elevated (83.3% vs. 73.3%,χ2 = 3.121,P = 0.016).Conclusion Hemofiltration combined with hemoabsorption can improve the expression of HLA-DR in sepsis patients with low expression of HLA-DR, and it can improve immune function and prognosis of sepsis patients in certain degree.

Objective To investigate the value of MRI for the preoperative diagnosis of breast cancer.Method 45 patients with breast mass were evaluated by MRI preoperatively, 17 cases were further inspected by dynamic MRI, and the time intensity curves were analyzed.Results Postoperative pathology revealed carcinoma in 24 cases, and benign lesions in 21. The correct preoperative diagnosis rate of MRI for breast cancer was 96%(23/24), and its false-positive rate was 2%(1/45).Conclusions MR imaging of breast has practical value in preoperative diagnosis for breast cancer.

Objective To investigate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods The clinical data of 114 200 inpatients from June 2002 to June 2008, including gender, age, smoking history, primary disease and risk factors, were reviewed. Results There were 1445(1.27%) cases with venous thromboembolism (VTE), while 1433(1. 25%) patients suffered from DVT and 153(0. 13%) patients suffered from PTE, 16(11. 11 %) patients were dead of PTE. Of all the DVT patients, there were 1348(94. 1%) cases with DVT of lower limbs with no significant difference between left or right lower limb (P>0. 05). There were 49(3.4%) cases with inferior vena cava, 23(1.6%) cases with cavitas pelvis veins and 13(0. 9%) cases with upper extremity veins. The peak ages of morbidity were between 51 to 60 years. Conclusions The incidence of VTE is increasing with ageing and there is no significant difference between males and females. The most common risk factors for thromboembolism include trauma, surgery, cardiac and pulmonary disease, age over 50 years, deep phlebitis, long-term smoking, cancer, pregnancy, childbirth, braking, history of VTE, etc. We may lower the incidence and mortality of VTE by strengthening prevention work according to the high risk factors.

Objective To explore a new method of parapancreatic abscess treatment and establish an idea of minimally invasive technologies for parapancreatic abscess to improve the recovery rate of acute pancreatitis. Methods The patients had experienced percutaneous puncture and placed drainage tube under the ultrasound guidance first, then the sinus tract was expanded gradually to 24F perimeter by Cook's fascia expender. Finally, the necrotic tissue and pyogenic membrane was removed and repeatedly washed under guidance of choledochoscopy. Results The recovery rate was 91.1 %(33/36). The complication incidence was 10.7% (hemorrage:2 cases, external intestinal fistula:3 cases, and fatal MOF: 1 case). Conclusions The viewpoint which parapancreatic abscess only can be cured by drainage operation can be changed by associating debridement by choledochoscope with percutaneous puncture drainage under the ultrasound guidance. It is a simple, safe and effective method. It can be used to reduce the patients' damage, complication and mortality and accomplish the idea of damage control by minimally invasive technologies.

Objective To observe any change in the active volume of the hand motor cortex during rehabilitation therapy after acute cerebral infarction and analyze the mechanisms involved in motor function rehabilitation.Metbods Of 16 patients with acute brain infarction,8 were administered routine intemal medicine treatment only,while and the other 8 received rehabilitation therapy in addition.Before treatment and after 14 days,the patients were assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)and the Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor function (FMA).The active volume of the motor cortex was compared between the two groups of patients.Ten healthy volunteers were examined with fMRI to confirm the location and the volume ofthe active area when performing the sanle exercises.Results After treatment,all the 16 patients showed increased motor cortex active volume,and their FMA scores also increased.Those receiving rehabilitation therapy improved tO a significantly greater extent than those treated with internal medicine treatment alone.Conclusion Rehabilitation of patients with acute infarction Can activate a greater volume of the motor cortex and promote functional recovery.