There are multiple rights conflicts in the international protections of pharmaceutical intellectual property,among which the most prominent is the confrontation of the patent right and the right of life and health.This article tries to examine the pharmaceutical intellectual property rights with an ethical perspective,and resolve the conflict and moral dilemma in its international protection using the doctrine of the mean.When the pharmaceutical patent which is serviced as privacy and property rights,doesn't conflict with other more important rights,we should protect pharmaceutical patent and try our best to promote the attainment of it.Otherwise,the patent right should be replaced by the right of life and health.In practice,the international protection of pharmaceutical intellectual property should respect the difference principle,establish the appropriate price different system of pharmaceutical patent and carry forward humanism to safeguard the right of life and health.

control group.Hoechst staining showed that the number of apoptosis cell in the lung tissue was also increased.The number of apoptosis cells in hypoxic was significantly more than those in 2 weeks hypoxic group and control group.Conclusions In the process of chronic HPH rats,both the proliferation and aopotosis in the wall of pulmonary arteriolar are increased,and the expression of P53 in the lung tissue has an increasing tendency.The activity of P53 may play a regulation role in pulmonary arteriolar reconstruction in chronic HPH rats.

A case of mandibular canine with apical periodontitis and double root canals was treated by CBCT assisted diagnosis and root ca-nal therapy.CBCT distinctly demonstrated the morphology of the root canal system in three dimensions and provided the information of canal varieties,prevented missed canals and conserved dentin.CBCT can guarantee the success of root canal therapy for the tooth with canal vareties.

Objective To investigate the correlation of the expressions of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and angiopoietin-2 receptor(Tie-2)in serum and placenta with preeclampsia. Methods From May 2009 to April 2010, 62 women with preeclampsia who delivered in Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College were recruited in the study, including 30 women with moderate preeclampsia (MPE group) and 32 women with severe preeclampsia (SPE group). Another 30 healthy pregnant women were taken as control group. ELISA was used to measure the serum Ang-2 in these women. Semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to investigate the expressions of Ang-2 mRNA and Tie-2 mRNA in placenta. Western blot was used to determine the expression of Ang-2 protein in placenta. Results (1) The serum concentrations of Ang-2 in MPE group and SPE group were (5.4 ± 1.8) μg/L and (5. 1 ± 1.7) μg/L,respectively. Both were significantly lower than that in control group (16. 2 ± 4. 5) μg/L (P<0. 01).There was no significant difference between MPE group and SPE group (P > 0. 05). (2) The expressions of Ang-2 mRNA in placenta of MPE group (2. 1 ± 0. 7) and SPE group (2. 0 ± 0. 6) were both significantly lower than that of control group (5.8 ± 0. 8; P<0. 01). But there was no significant difference in Ang-2 mRNA expression between MPE group and SPE group (P>0. 05). (3) No significant difference was found in the expressions of Tie-2 mRNA in placenta among MPE group (1. 33 ±0. 04), SPE group (1.35 ±0. 05) and control group (1.34 ± 0. 04; P > 0. 05). (4) The expressions of Ang-2 protein in placenta of MPE group (2.0 ± 0. 8) and SPE group (2. 0 ± 0. 8) were both significantly lower than that of control group (5.7 ±0. 9; P <0. 0l), while no significant difference was found between MPE group and SPE group (P >0. 05) . (5) In MPE group and SPE group, the serum concentrations of Ang-2 were positively correlated with the levels of Ang-2 mRNA and Ang-2 protein in placenta(r =0. 651, 0. 627; P <0. 01). Conclusions Decreased expressions of Ang-2 mRNA and Ang-2 protein in placenta reduced serum concentration of Ang-2. Low expression of Ang-2 may be involved in the pathophysiological process of preeclampsia by affecting the formation of placenta in early pregnancy.

Objective: To study the pharmacokinetics and brain/plasma concentration ratio of nortriptyline at multiple doses in mice which were pre-treated with physiological saline, piperine and verapamil. Methods: A total of 216 male Kun Ming mice[(25±3) g] were equally divided into 4 groups randomly. Each group was intragastrically administered physiological saline (B), piperine (170 μg/kg), piperine (5 mg/kg) and verapamil (5 mg/kg) for 8 days. On the 8th day, 1 h atfer giving the above drugs, each mice was intraperitoneally injected nortriptyline (13 mg/kg). The mice were sacriifced by picking off eyeballs at the time intervals of 5, 15, 30 min, and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h, andthe cerebra were collected and weighted. Nortriptyline in mouse plasma and brain was determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The pharmacokinetic properties of the plasma, brain and brain/plasma were calculated. Results: hTe AUC0-12 h of brain/plasma concentration ratio in the 170 μg/kg piperine group was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P<0.05), while the AUC0-12 h of brain/plasma concentration ratios in the 5 mg/kg piperine group and the verapamil group were not signiifcantly different from those of untreated mice. Conclusion: Piperine (170 μg/kg) may induce P-glycoprotein expression in the blood-brain barrier, while piperines at 5 mg/kg has no influence on P-glycoprotein expression in the blood-brain barrier.

Objective To study the prevalence and genotypes of rotavirus (RV) among children,< 5 years old hospitalized with viral diarrhea in Tianjin. Methods Stool specimens were collected from hospitalized diarrhea children in Tianjin children's hospital between May 2008 and April 2009. Detection of rotavirus was employed by Colloidal Gold Device. The detected positives were inoculated to MA-104 cells. The total RNA of virus was extracted after CPE which was caused by rotavirus were observed, The VP7 serotypes were determined by using RT-PCR to amplify the VP7 gene and sequencing the RT-PCR products.The clinical data for each patient were also collected. Results Among 837 specimens, the RV antigen positive rate was 26. 3% (220/837). Among all the children with rotavirus diarrhea, 90. 5% (199/220)were < 2 years old. The prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea in children peaked during Oct. 2008 through Apr.2009. Of the 208 rotavirus positive specimens, 95 were successfully identified by RT-PCR Thirty-five positive strains of RV were sequenced, and the sequencing results showed that 32 positive strains were belonged to rotavirus G1 type, 2 positive strains were belonged to rotavirus G3 type and 1 positive strain were belonged to rotavirus C9 type. Conclusion RV was the dominant etiological agent for infantile diarrhea infection in Tianjin, and the predominant serotype was G1.

Objective To explore the effect of amisulpride and risperidone in the treatment of patients with first-episode schizophrenia and its influence on social function.Methods 70 patients of schizophrenia conformed to the International classification of diseases tenth edition(ICD-10) were randomly divided into amisulpride group(observation group,35 cases) and risperidone group(control group,35 cases) by using the random number table method.The Positive and Negative Scale(PANSS) was used to evaluate the efficacy,the Scale of Social Function in Psychosis Inpatients(SSPI) was used to evaluate social function before and after 8 weeks of treatment.Results After 8 weeks treatment,the negative symptom factor score of the PANSS in the observation group was (15.04±3.55)points,which was improved significantly compared with (17.82±3.87)points in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(t=3.132,P<0.05).The scores of the field in movement and interaction,social activities and skills factor score and the total score of SSPI in the observation group were (15.49±3.54)points,(14.53±4.25)points,(39.25±8.27)points,respectively,which in the control group were (12.78±3.29)points,(10.01±3.78)points,(33.72±7.83)points,respectively,the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=3.317,4.701,2.873,all P<0.05).Conclusion Amisulpride is effective in improving the negative symptoms,social function in patients with schizophrenia,and the effect is better than risperidone.

AIM: To study the protective effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on alveolar type II cells (AT-Ⅱ) damaged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).METHODS: AT-Ⅱ were placed in a 6 well cell culture cluster (0.5?106 cells/cm2) and divided into 3 groups: (1) control group (n=6), the medium consisted of RPMI-1640 without FBS. (2) LPS group (n=6), the medium consisted of RPMI-1640 without FBS supplemented with LPS (1 mg/L). (3) ANP group (n=6), the medium consisted of RPMI-1640 without FBS supplemented with LPS (1 mg/L) and ANP (10-8, 10-7, 10-6 mol/L). After 4, 12 and 24 h, the cell culture mediums of control group, LPS group and ANP (10-7 mol/L) group were collected, and those of the ANP (10-6, 10-8 mol/L) group were collected after 12 h. Alkaline phosphatase(AKP), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), malondialdehyde(MDA), total phospholipids (TPL) and surface tension (ST) in the medium of every group were examined. RESULTS: AT-Ⅱ were characterized by AKP staining. The contents of LDH, AKP and MDA in the medium of every ANP group were lower than those in the corresponding LPS group. The TPL content in the medium of every ANP group was higher than that in the corresponding LPS group, and the change of ST of the medium was opposite to that of TPL. The effect at 12 h was the most significant, for example, at 12 h, the activities of AKP in the mediums were: control (43.5?10.4) U/L, LPS (98.1?16.4) U/L, LPS+ANP (10-6) (46.4?10.5) U/L, LPS+ANP(10-7) (60.7?9.5) U/L, LPS+ANP(10-8) (91.3?13.9) U/L.CONCLUSION: ANP protects the AT-Ⅱ from being damaged by LPS and promotes the secretion of pulmonary surfactants.

Air Pollution ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; etiology

Objective: To investigate the epidemiology and related clinical features of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Qingdao, and provide relevant evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: The retrospective analysis method was used to collect the epidemiological and clinical data of 104 patients with HFRS diagnosed in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2014 to December 2018, and the general condition, clinical symptoms, laboratory examination and exposure history of the patients were analyzed. Results: One hundred and four patients with HFRS were aged from 10 to 87 years old, including 78 males and 26 females; mainly living in rural areas, accounting for 90.38% (94/104); and 54 cases from the Department of Nephrology, accounting for 51.92%. October to January of the following year was the main onset time, accounting for 68.27% (71/104). The clinical manifestations were 98 cases of fever, accounting for 94.23%; 66 cases of nausea and vomiting, accounting for 63.46%; and 57 cases of dizziness and headache, accounting for 54.81%. Laboratory examination showed more thrombocytopenia, urinary protein and occult blood positive, D-dimer elevation, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin elevation. Only 8 cases had a history of direct, indirect or suspicious contact. Conclusions The clinical features of HFRS are atypical. The main symptoms are fever, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and headache. Men are higher than women. The place of residence is mainly in rural areas. The exposure history is mostly unclear. Diagnosis should be combined with laboratory findings and early treatment to improve clinical outcomes.