Objective To understand the current status,type,and effect of training programs conducted by Health Bureau and CDC in China.Methods One person of each province was selected from China field epidemiology training network and designated as contact person who was responsible for collecting information of field practical training lasting for at least 6 months for staff of public health emergency and infectious disease control in each province from October 2001 to October 2010.Questionnaire including basic condition,organization and management,training design,faculty condition,trainee condition and training outputs was designed and filled in by contact person.Results There were 35 training programs covering over 9 provinces in China.The first province and city FETP started in 2004,including Guangdong FETP,Zhejiang FETP,Hangzhou FETP,Ningbo FETP and Guizhou FETP.Thirty-five training programs had 355 mentors,22(6％)were CFETP graduates and 57 (16％)were local FETP graduates.All program funds were paid by local governments.The training programs included two parts,theoretical lectures and field practice,which occupying 10％-20％ and 80％-90％ of the whole training time,respectively.Among 6 evaluative items including emergency investigation,surveillance analysis,surveillance evaluation,planned investigation,investigation report and paper publication,most programs(50％-94％) had less than average one person per time.Conclusions Field epidemiology training program after several years of development in china achieves the certain scale.Some provincial programs are successful,but the effect and quality of training programs in different areas are uneven.We suggest optimizing of field epidemiology training resources and further expanding China field epidemiology training network.

Objective: To explore the expression of SLAMF6 on CD8⁺ T cells in patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) and its correlation with disease immune status. Methods: By flow cytometry (FCM), SLAMF6 expression level in peripheral blood CD8⁺ T cells was detected in 21 patients with SAA and 15 normal controls respectively from February 2017 to April 2018. The correlation between SLAMF6 expression level and hematopoietic functions, including HGB, PLT, the neutrophil granulocyte and reticulocyte absolute value in peripheral blood, hyperplasia degree (percentage of granulocytes, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and megakaryocytes in bone marrow) and perforin, granzyme B, IFN-γ expression level in CD8⁺ T cells were evaluated. To further confirm the effect of SLAMF6 on CD8⁺ T cells, anti-SLAMF6 Ab was used to block SLAMF6 pathway (IgG as control), and FCM was used to detect the perforin, granzyme B, and IFN-γ production of CD8⁺ T cells. Results: The expression of SLAMF6 on CD8⁺ T cells in untreated SAA patients[(56.29±12.97)%]was significantly lower than that of normal controls[(80.96±7.36)%](t=-7.672, P<0.001). The expression of SLAMF6 on CD8⁺ T cells in SAA patients were positively correlated with the HGB, PLT, the neutrophil granulocyte and reticulocyte absolute value in peripheral blood, percentage of granulocytes, erythrocytes in bone marrow (all P<0.05), but they were negatively correlated with the percentage of lymphocytes in bone marrow, and the expression of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN-γ of CD8⁺ T cells (all P<0.05). After blocking SLAMF6 pathway by anti-SLAMF6 Ab, the expression levels of perforin, granzyme B and IFN-γ in SAA patients were significantly higher than those in the untreated group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusions SLAMF6 is significantly down-regulated on CD8⁺ T cells in SAA patients, which may act as a negative immunoregulatory molecule participating in the mechanism of SAA by affecting the functional molecules secretion on CD8⁺ T cells.

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in infancy. Early intervention is critical to improve the prognosis for these children. E-health interventions have tremendous potential. This review aimed to determine the status and effectiveness of family interventions for parents of children aged 0–6 years with ASD in the context of e-health. Methods: The review methodology was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched from inception to June 2022. The searches were limited to children with ASD of the age range between 0 and 6 years. We collated the available information and used descriptive statistics to analyze the synthesized data. Results: Our initial search identified 3,672 articles, of which 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. The 30 articles selected were released between 2012 and 2022. All articles are in English. Most articles reviewed were from high-income countries (27/30, 90.0%), especially from the United States (16/30, 53.3%). Four major themes emerged from the 30 studies that matched the inclusion criteria, as follows: 1) type of e-health interventions, 2) duration of interventions, 3) clinical aspects of e-health interventions, and 4) evidence for intervention effectiveness, looking into the positive, negative, and mixed findings of previous studies. Conclusion These findings suggest that a wide variety of e-health interventions may actually help support both children with ASD aged 0–6 years and their parents.

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in infancy. Early intervention is critical to improve the prognosis for these children. E-health interventions have tremendous potential. This review aimed to determine the status and effectiveness of family interventions for parents of children aged 0–6 years with ASD in the context of e-health. Methods: The review methodology was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched from inception to June 2022. The searches were limited to children with ASD of the age range between 0 and 6 years. We collated the available information and used descriptive statistics to analyze the synthesized data. Results: Our initial search identified 3,672 articles, of which 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. The 30 articles selected were released between 2012 and 2022. All articles are in English. Most articles reviewed were from high-income countries (27/30, 90.0%), especially from the United States (16/30, 53.3%). Four major themes emerged from the 30 studies that matched the inclusion criteria, as follows: 1) type of e-health interventions, 2) duration of interventions, 3) clinical aspects of e-health interventions, and 4) evidence for intervention effectiveness, looking into the positive, negative, and mixed findings of previous studies. Conclusion These findings suggest that a wide variety of e-health interventions may actually help support both children with ASD aged 0–6 years and their parents.

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in infancy. Early intervention is critical to improve the prognosis for these children. E-health interventions have tremendous potential. This review aimed to determine the status and effectiveness of family interventions for parents of children aged 0–6 years with ASD in the context of e-health. Methods: The review methodology was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched from inception to June 2022. The searches were limited to children with ASD of the age range between 0 and 6 years. We collated the available information and used descriptive statistics to analyze the synthesized data. Results: Our initial search identified 3,672 articles, of which 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. The 30 articles selected were released between 2012 and 2022. All articles are in English. Most articles reviewed were from high-income countries (27/30, 90.0%), especially from the United States (16/30, 53.3%). Four major themes emerged from the 30 studies that matched the inclusion criteria, as follows: 1) type of e-health interventions, 2) duration of interventions, 3) clinical aspects of e-health interventions, and 4) evidence for intervention effectiveness, looking into the positive, negative, and mixed findings of previous studies. Conclusion These findings suggest that a wide variety of e-health interventions may actually help support both children with ASD aged 0–6 years and their parents.

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in infancy. Early intervention is critical to improve the prognosis for these children. E-health interventions have tremendous potential. This review aimed to determine the status and effectiveness of family interventions for parents of children aged 0–6 years with ASD in the context of e-health. Methods: The review methodology was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched from inception to June 2022. The searches were limited to children with ASD of the age range between 0 and 6 years. We collated the available information and used descriptive statistics to analyze the synthesized data. Results: Our initial search identified 3,672 articles, of which 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. The 30 articles selected were released between 2012 and 2022. All articles are in English. Most articles reviewed were from high-income countries (27/30, 90.0%), especially from the United States (16/30, 53.3%). Four major themes emerged from the 30 studies that matched the inclusion criteria, as follows: 1) type of e-health interventions, 2) duration of interventions, 3) clinical aspects of e-health interventions, and 4) evidence for intervention effectiveness, looking into the positive, negative, and mixed findings of previous studies. Conclusion These findings suggest that a wide variety of e-health interventions may actually help support both children with ASD aged 0–6 years and their parents.

OBJECTIVE Investigating the clinical characteristics,risk factors,treatment strategies and prognosis of head and neck extramedullary plasmacytoma(HNEMP).METHODS To analyze indicators affecting survival and prognosis,retrospective study was conducted on the clinical data of 38 newly diagnosed and untreated patients with HNEMP who were admitted to Beijing Tongren Hospital from September 2008 to January 2022.RESULTS Among 38 patients,5 cases(13.2%)displayed a manifestation as cranial-nasal-orbital communication,and 8 cases(21.1%)involved a tumor with diameter≥5 cm.There were 17 patients(44.7%)who underwent surgical resection along,13 patients(34.2%)who received postoperative radiotherapy,8 cases(21.1%)who accepted chemotherapy,and 5 cases(13.2%)who experienced combined radiochemotherapy.Following treatment evaluation,32 cases achieved CR,3 cases showed PR,1 case demonstrated SD and 2 cases experienced PD.The median follow-up time was 86 months,with 5-year PFS and OS rates of 92.1%and 94.7%,respectively.Of note,the patients with cranial-nasal-orbital communication exhibited significantly unfavorable 5-year PFS and OS rates of 40%and 60%,respectively,with median PFS of 13 months,whereas the patients in other groups achieved 100%of 5-year PFS and OS rates.Additionally,tumor diameter≥5 cm and the involvement of cranial-nasal-orbital communication were adverse prognostic factors for both PFS and OS.CONCLUSION HNEMP is a rare disease and the primary treatment approach is surgery combined with radiotherapy.The prognosis for HNEMP tends to be relatively favorable,with the involvement of cranial-nasal-orbital communication and high tumor burden as the adverse prognostic indicators.

Objective To investigate the value of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI) in the staging of chronic kidney disease(CKD).Methods From May 2016 to April 2017,seventy-two patients diagnosed as CKD according to the criteria of clinical diagnostic and 20 healthy volunteers (control group) underwent routine MRI and IVIM-DWI ( 8 b values, 0 to 800 s/mm2).CKD patients were divided into two groups based on their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): mild CKD group(45 cases,eGFR≥60 ml·min-1·1.73m-2)and moderate to severe CKD group(27 cases,eGFR<60 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2).The ADC,true diffusion coefficient(D),pseudo-diffusion coefficient(D*),perfusion fraction (f) were measured on both cortex and medulla. The paired-samples t test was used to compare the cortico-medullary difference of the ADC,D,D*and f values in three groups.Differences of the ADC,D, D*and f values among three groups were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Correlations between eGFR and the IVIM-DWI parameters in CKD were evaluated by using Pearson correlation analysis. ROC was performed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of using IVIM-DWI parameters to distinguish CKD with moderate to severe renal impairment from mild renal impairment, as well as distinguish CKD with mild renal impairment from healthy volunteers.Results The cortical ADC,D, D*and f values were significantly higher than that in the medulla in healthy volunteers(all P<0.05). The cortical ADC,D*and f values were significantly higher than that in the medulla in mild CKD group(all P<0.05). The cortical ADC,D and f values were significantly higher than that in the medulla in moderate to severe CKD group (all P<0.05). The ADC,D,D*and f values of cortex and medulla showed significantly differences among three groups(all P<0.05).In CKD patients,no significant correlation was found between medullary D*,f values and eGFR, there was a significant positive correlation between eGFR and cortical ADC,D,D*and f values(r=0.475,0.362,0.625,0.276;all P<0.05),as well as between eGFR and medullary ADC,D values(r=0.427,0.615;P<0.05). The results of the ROC analysis for distinguishing the mild CKD group from the moderate to severe CKD group revealed that the cortical D*value had the highest area under the ROC curve (AUC=0.965), cortical f value showed high sensitivity(92.6%) to distinguish CKD with different degree of renal impairment, with the threshold of 32.99%, and cortical D*value showed high specificity(97.8%)with the threshold of 17.07×10-3mm2/s;the results of the ROC analysis for distinguishing the mild CKD group from healthy volunteers revealed that the cortical D*value had the highest AUC(0.885), medullary ADC value showed high sensitivity (82.2%) to distinguish mild CKD group from healthy volunteers,with the threshold of 1.83×10-3mm2/s,and medullary f value showed high specificity(100.0%)with the threshold of 21.70%,as well as medullary D value showed high specificity(100.0%)with the threshold of 1.75× 10-3mm2/s.Conclusion IVIM-DWI may be useful for CKD early diagnosis and assessing renal function.

Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) belong to the β-coronavirus genus. Since the discovery in 1967, HCoV-OC43 has been continuously circulating in human population and has become one of the common seasonal respiratory viruses. SARS-CoV-2, which has a higher morbidity and fatality rate, appeared at the end of 2019, followed by the emergence of a variety of variants, and the transmission and infection capacity of SARS-CoV-2 has been enhanced. HCoV-OC43 may be similar to SARS-CoV-2 in terms of genomic structure and function, species evolution, epidemic characteristics and clinical manifestations. In this review, the epidemiology, genomics, phylogenetic evolution and other aspects of HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed. Such an analysis would be helpful to understand the association and differences between the two viruses, and provide reference for understanding the potential threats of HCoV-OC43.

Bronchiectasis is a complex and heterogeneous group of diseases with their own characteristics in terms of etiology, symptoms, infections and inflammation, among which infections are both the most common cause of bronchiectasis and the most important factor contributing to the progression of the disease and affecting the prognosis. The current paper will focus on the characterization, diagnosis and treatment of pathogenic bacteria in bronchiectasis.