Objective To study the biological types on the seven isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis from Beijing, Hebei-Tangshan, Hebei-Chengde and Jiangxi-Jiujiang in the mainland of China. Methods The samples were analyzed by PAGE, isoenzyme stain and cluster analysis. Results The isoenzyme systems used in the study included MDH, LDH, G-6-PD, PGI and PGM. No difference in the isoenzyme patterns of G-6-PD and PGI was found among the seven isolates. The MDH and LDH patterns of Beijing 1, Beijing 2, Jiujiang 3 strains were identical, while they were distinguishable from those of Chengde, Tangshan, Jiujiang 1, Jiujiang 2 isolates. The PGM pattern of Beijing 1 and Beijing 2 isolates were same but was different from that of the remainders. Gene tree was constructed according to the isoenzyme profiles. The results showed that there are differences in the patterns of the five isoenzymes between the isolates of Beijing 1, Beijing 2, Jiujiang 3 and other four isolates, and Jiujiang 3 was different from Beijing 1, Beijing 2 slightly. Conclusion It seems reasonable to assume that there are at least three different biological types of Trichomanas vaginalis in China.

Objective To study genetic polymorphism of DNA on seven isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis. Methods The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was performed to amplify genomic DNA of the seven T. vaginalis isolates, including Beijing 1, Beijing 2, Chengde, Tangshan, Jiujiang 1, Jiujiang 2 and Jiujiang 3. The DNA bands detected were analyzed by clustering analysis with SPSS software. Results The percentage of genetic similarity among the seven isolates was from 77.4% to (94.7%,) showing a close genetic relationship among them. The percentages between the isolates of Beijing 1 and Tangshan, Jiujiang 1 and Jiujiang 2, Beijing 2 and Jiujiang 3 were 89.2%, 92.1% and 94.7% respectively, while that of Jiujiang1 and Chengde was 77.4%, indicating a lower homology. Conclusion There are a close genetic relationship and certain gene polymorphism among the seven T. vaginalis isolates; geographical origin plays little role to the genetic characteristics.

Objective To study genetic polymorphism of surface adhesion protein 33 (AP33) gene on the seven isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis. Methods PCR technique was performed to amplify AP33 gene from the seven isolates, DNA sequences were obtained from the AP33 gene of the isolates and phylogenetic tree was built. Minimal lethal concentrations(MLC) of metronidazole on the isolates were measured in vitro. Results Percentage of the similarity between 7 isolates and U87098 in GenBank was 98.2%-100%,which indicated a high homology and belonged to isotype isolates. There were four branches between Beijing 1 isolate and Tangshan isolate, Jiujiang 1 isolate and Jiujiang 2 isolate, Beijing 2 isolate and Jiujiang 3 isolate, Chengde isolate and U87098 isolate in phylogenetic tree, which showed a close genetic relationship respectively. No relativity was detected between geographical origin and genetic relationship. Conclusion There is a close genetic relationship among the seven T. vaginalis isolates. MLC showed a difference between isolates which have close relationship.

Insulin is a hormone produced by isletβcells, which plays an important role in regulating cell division, cell differentiation, cell growth and regulating blood glucose levels.Decreased insulin and isletβcell dysfunction are vital fundamental characteristics of diabetes.There are many transcription factors involved in the development and maintaining of isletβcells.This review focuses on the transcription factors aboutβcell development.

Objective:To establish the methods for the determination of Mg,Al,K,Ca,Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Ag,Cd,Sn,Ba,Pb,Na and Hg in water for injection. Methods:The sixteen metallic elements in water for injection were determined by ICP-MS. The collision cell technology ( CCT) was used to minimize the multiple atomic interference, and the matrix effect and signal drift were compensated by using Li, Sc, Ge, In, Ir and Bi as the internal standards and the samples were directly acidified to detect the metallic elements. Results:The detection limit range of the 16 metallic elements were from 0. 009 to 0. 165 ng·ml-1. The calibration curves showed good linearity (r≥0. 999 0). The recoveries were within the range of 80%-120%(n=6). Conclusion:The method is simple, rapid and accurate. It can be used to determine the contents of metallic elements to reduce the potential exceeding limit risk of toxic metal el-ements in water for injection. The methods also can provide reference for the more strict quality evaluation of water for injection.

Objective To investigate the effects of Hui-hui Gan-song Yin(HGY) on the accumulation of extracellular matrix of rat glomerular mesangial cells(MCs) induced by high glucose.Methods The 40 SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group(distilled water), glurenorm group(10 mg/kg), HGY high-dose group(10 g/kg) and HGY low-dose group(5 g/kg), 10 rats in each group.The rats in each group were treated with corresponding drugs, twice a day.After 3 days, the serum containing each drug were prepared to culture rat MCs in vitro.The MCs were divided into the normal control group( 10% serum of rats in normal control group ) , high glucose group ( 30 mmol/L glucose +10% serum of rats in normal control group), glurenorm group(30 mmol/L glucose+10% serum of rats in glurenorm group), HGY high-dose group(30 mmol/L glucose+10% serum of rats in HGY high-dose group) and HGY low-dose group(30 mmol/L glucose+10% serum of rats in HGY low-dose group).The fibronectin(FN), ColⅠand ColⅣ levels were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with normal control group, the expression of FN, ColⅠand ColⅣ in high glucose group increased(P<0.01).The HCY suppressed the protein expression of FN, ColⅠand ColⅣ significantly(P<0.05).Conclusion The serum containing HGY could suppressed protein expression of FN , ColⅠand ColⅣ and inhibit the accumulation of extracellular matrix of MCs induced by high glucose, which could protect glomerulus and delay the development of diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To explore differences in phototest and photopatch test results, and in skin color?related parameters between healthy subjects and patients with chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD), and to examine their relationship with the melanocortin?1 receptor gene(MC1R)Arg163Gln variant. Methods Phototests were performed by using a sun simulator SUN1000, and skin color was analyzed by using Hexameter MX18 in 25 patients with CAD and 25 healthy subjects. The MC1R genotype at position?163 was determined by PCR. Photopatch tests were performed on 25 patients with CAD and 5 healthy subjects using a standard series of photoallergens(RuiMin)and an ultraviolet (UV)phototherapy equipment, SS?03A. Results Regarding phototest results, both UVA?minimal persistent pigment darkening dose(MPPD)and UVB?minimal erythema dose(MED)were significantly lower in CAD patients compared with healthy controls (both P < 0.05), with the reduction in UVB?MED being particularly notable. Sixteen patients (64%)in the CAD group had positive photopatch reactions, including 13(52%)cases of photoallergy. Skin color?related parameters were measured at four sites. Skin hemoglobin levels on the cheek, forehead, back of hands, inner upper arms were all significantly higher in CAD patients than in healthy controls(all P<0.05). However, skin melanin levels on the cheek, forehead and inner upper arms were similar between the two groups, and only those on the back of hands were significantly higher in CAD patients than in controls(P<0.01). Skin melanin and hemoglobin levels were significantly higher in exposed than in unexposed (inner upper arms) areas in CAD patients (all P < 0.05). The frequency of the CGA genotype at position?163 in the MC1R gene was similar between CAD patients and controls(P>0.05), but that of the CAA genotype differed significantly between the two groups(P<0.01). UVA?MPPD and UVB?MED were both significantly lower in CAD patients with the CAA genotype at position?163 in the MC1R gene than in those without the genotype(P=0.055, 0.325, respectively). Conclusions Skin photobiological testing plays a critical role in the diagnosis of CAD. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of the CAA genotype at position?163 in the MC1R gene in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of CAD.

Objective To study the association of bone metabolism with the degree of proteinuria in patients of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Methods A total of 71 CKD patients diagnosed as primary glomerulopathy were randomly selected from 2008.1-2009.5 in the First People's Hospital of Shanghai. They were classified into three groups according to proteinuria:group A of 25 patients, proteinuria ＜1.0 g/24 h; group B of 16 patients, proteinuria 1.0-＜3.5 g/24 h;group C of 30 patients, proteinuria ≥ 3.5 g/24 h. Fifty-eight healthy persons were selected from our medical examination center at the same time as control. Serum albumin, calcium, phosphorus,PTH, 25 hydroxy vitamin D3, bone gla protein (BGP), degradation products of C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTx), 24-h urinary protein excretion, and the ratio of urinary calcium to creatinine (UCa/Cr) were measured. Bone mineral density (BMD) was detected by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry. Results Compared with control group, serum levels of calcium [(2.23±0.08), (2.13±0.09), (2.04±0.06)vs (2.37±0.12)mmol/L], 25-(OH)D3 [(50.19±6.58), (47.78±6.69), (42.42±10.85) vs (56.34±8.34) nmol/L] were significantly lower and UCa/Cr was significantly higher in A, B, C groups respectively (all P＜0.05). In group B and C, BGP was lower [(18.69±7.35), (16.13±5.76) vs (22.88±6.21) μg/L] and CTx was higher [(413.59±114.93),(516.21±314.25) vs (304.53±234.15) ng/L] (all P＜0.05). BMD was lower only in group C [(1.028±0.090) vs (1.090±0.062) g/cm2, P＜0.05]. Pearson analysis showed that 24-h urinary protein excretion was negatively correlated with serum calcium and 25 hydroxy vitamin D3, and positively correlated with UCa/Cr. UCa/Cr was positively correlated with serum CTx and negatively correlated with BGP. 25-(OH) D3 was positively correlated with BGP and negatively correlated with CTx. Conclusion Bone metabolism disorder exists in CKD patients, presenting the decrease of bone formation and the increase of bone resorption, which is associated with as the degree of proteinuria, especially in patients with nephrotic syndrome.

Objective To study the change of serum insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1)in primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS)patients and its relationship with bone metabolism, and to investigate the clinical significance of IGF-1 in the mechanism of bone metabolic disorders in PNS patients. Methods A total of 30 PNS patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)stage 1 and 2 were randomly selected from 2008.1 to 2009.5 in our hospital. Serum IGF-1, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, PTH,25 hydroxy vitamin D3, bone gla protein(BGP), degradation products of C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen(CTx), 24-hour urinary protein excretion, and ratio of urinary calcium to creatinine(UCa/Cr)were measured. Healthy control group of 61 persons were randomly selected from our medical examination center at the same time. Results Serum levels of calcium, 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 and BGP were significantly lower;CTx and UCa/Cr were significantly higher in PNS patients(P<0.05)as compared to healthy control group. BMD of PNS patients was lower but without significant difference compared with healthy control group[(1.078± 0.090)g/cm2 vs(1.090±0.062)g/cm2, P>0.05]. Serum level of IGF-1 was significantly lower in PNS patients and was positively correlated with BMD and BGP,and negatively correlated with 24-hour urinary protein excretion and CTx. Conclusions Bone metabolic disorder exists in PNS patients with the appearance of decreased bone formation and increased bone absorption.Serum level of IGF-1 has good correlations with bone biochemical markers.which may be used as a new bone biochemical marker of bone metabolism in kidney disease.

Objective To observe the alteration of skin complexion after UVA and UVB exposure.Methods The back skin of ten females with skin type Ⅲ was subjected to single exposure to solar-simulated UVA of double minimal persistent pigment darkening (MPPD) or UVB of double minimal erythema dose (MED). Skin reflectance was assessed with clinical grading, spectcolometer and Mexameter MX 18 before irra-diation, 6 hours, 1, 7 and 14 days after the irradiation. Results After UVB irradiation, a~* value and erythema index (EI) abruptly increased at 6 hours and peaked on day 2; L~* value sharply declined on day 1; ITA° markedly decreased on day 7; melanin index (MI) declined within the first 2 days, but notably increased on day 7. After UVA irradiation, a~* and El value experienced no apparent changes; L~* value obviously declined at 6 hours; ITA° reached its lowest value on day 14; MI increased only on day 1. Conclusions There is a significant difference in the kinetics and extent of skin complexion changes after UVA and UVB irradiation. EI and a~* value are sensitive and accurate indices for evaluating sunburn, and MI and ITA ° for analyzing tanning.