Objective To explore the effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid(PBA) on cognitive dysfunction after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and underlying mechanisms.Methods 62 male Sprague Dawley rats in clean degree were divided into sham group(n=14),chronic cerebral ischemia group(bilateral carotid arteries occlusion,2VO group,n=24),and chronic cerebral ischemia with PBA treatment(2VO+PBA group,n=24).The chronic cerebral ischemia models were produced by the occlusion of bilateral common caroid artery for 1 month.During the hypoperfusion,the rats were injected intraperitoneally with 11.25 mg · ml-1 PBA(90 mg · kg-1 · d-1) or equal volume of saline once a day for 3 days followed by every other day for 27 days.Learning and memory abilities were tested by Morris water maze and novel object recognition test.The expression and distribution of NR2A in hippocampus were examined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Results Morris water maze test showed that the 2VO group had significantly longer latent time than sham group in searching platform (P＜0.01) (from 2nd day to 7th day latency time),and the 2VO+PBA group had dramatically shorter latent time than 2VO group (2nd,5th,6th,7th (P＜0.01),3rd(P＜0.05)).Then the rats' memory test showed that 2VO group spent markedly longer time than sham group to reach the location of the former platform(P＜0.01),but the 2VO+PBA group spent dramatically shorter latent time than 2VO group (P＜0.01).The novel object recognition test showed the exploration ratio and discrimination index of novel object in 2VO group were noticeably smaller than that in sham group (P＜0.01),but the exploration ratio and discrimination index of novel object in 2VO+PBA group were noticeably higher than that in 2VO group (P＜0.01).The Western blot data showed that the level of NR2A in 2VO group was significantly lower than that in sham group (P＜0.01),but the level of NR2A in 2VO+PBA group was significantly higher than that in 2VO group (P＜0.05).The level of NR2B in hippocampus of 2VO group had no significant difference with sham group and 2VO+PBA group (P＞0.05).Immunohistochemistry data was consistent with the data of Western blot for NR2A level and distribution.The ratio of p-CREB/total CREB in 2VO group(0.62±0.04) was remarkably lower than that in sham group(1.00±0.07),but the ratio of p-CREB/total CREB in 2VO+PBA group(0.97±0.07) was remarkably higher than that in 2VO group(P＜0.01).Conclusion NR2A reduction is associated with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced cognitive impairment,which is rescued by the PBA treatment.It suggests that PBA may have a therapeutic effect on preventing chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced cognitive impairment.

Objective To investigate the effects of penehyclidine (PHCD) pretreatment on nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-kB ) activity during lipopolysaccharide ( LPS )-induced acute lung injury ( ALl ) in neonate rats.Methods Thirty 7-day old Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 18-21 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =10 each): group Ⅰ control (group C); group Ⅱ LPS; group Ⅲ PHCD. Group Ⅱ and Ⅲ received intraperitoneal ( group IP) LPS 3 mg/kg. In group Ⅲ PHCD 5 mg/kg was administered IP at 30 min before LPS respectively. The animals were killed at 4 h after LPS administration. The lungs were immediately removed. The W/D lung weight ratio was measured. The TNF-α, IL-1 βand IL-10 content in the lung were detected by ELISA and expression of NF-kB p65 was detected by immuno-histochemical staining.Results LPS significantly increased W/D lung weight ratio, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-10 content and NF-kB p65 expression in the lung as compared with control group. PHCD administered before LPS significantly attenuated the LPS-induced changes. Electron microscopy showed that PHCD before LPS significandy ameliorated the LPS-induced histological damages. Conclusion Pretreatment with PHCD can attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury though inhibition of NF-kB activation and inflammatory response of lung tissue in neonate rats.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the type of gliding contusion and its mechanism with site of force.Methods The site undergoing contusion and ways of force are respectively determined by skull anatomy location and details of these cases.Then,the 132 specimens of brain,which have been fixed by formalin,are sliced in coronal section and sagittal section and stained with HE,observed under microscope.ResultsGliding brain contusion could appeared at the top and bottom region of brain respectively.Top-injury type,were observed in 65 cases(49.24%),base-injury type,were found in 38 cases(28.78%).There were 29 cases(21.96%) in which contusion could be found at both top and base of brain,we called mixed type.We found that the injury area depend on the ways of force-act:the top-injury type mostly caused by the force on cupular part of pars zygomatica in acceleration,the base-injury type mainly caused by the force on occipitalia in deceleration and the mixed type caused by the force on the boundry of the calvaria and occipital in deceleration.Conclusion The type of gliding contusion is relevant with mechanism and site of force.

AIM To study the effects of A? 25～35 and Apo E4 on neuronal intracellular free Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i). METHODS Hippocampal and cortical neurons suspension of newborn(0～3 days) SD rats was produced. After incubated with fura 2/AM,the neurons suspension was divided into four groups: control, A? 25～35 , Apo E4, A? 25～35 +Apo E4. Each groups [Ca 2+ ] i was measured using a RF 5000 dual wavelength spectrofluorometer after incubated with double distilled water, A? 25～35 , Apo E4, A? 25～35 +Apo E4 for 3 min, respectively. The neurons outocorrelation function(ACF) of the scattering light intersity was analyzed by the microscope quasi elastic light scattering(MQLS) technique The frequency shift line width by ACF. The ? can sympolize the cell menbrane flilidity. RESULTS Both A? 25～35 and Apo E4 could significantly enhance hippocampal and cortical neurons rest [Ca 2+ ] i, furthermore, the effect of 5 ?mol?L -1 A? 25～35 was higher than the effect of 1 ?mol?L -1 A? 25～35 ( P

AIM　To study the effects of Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 on neuronal intracellular free Ca2+(［Ca2+］i). METHODS　Hippocampal and cortical neurons suspension of newborn(0～3 days) SD rats was produced. After incubated with fura-2/AM,the neurons suspension was divided into four groups: control, Aβ25～35, Apo E4, Aβ25～35+Apo E4. Each groups ［Ca2+］i was measured using a RF-5000 dual wavelength spectrofluorometer after incubated with double distilled water, Aβ25～35, Apo E4, Aβ25～35+Apo E4 for 3 min, respectively. The neurons outocorrelation function(ACF) of the scattering light intersity was analyzed by the microscope quasi-elastic light scattering(MQLS) technique The frequency shift line width by ACF. The Γ can sympolize the cell menbrane flilidity. RESULTS　Both Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 could significantly enhance hippocampal and cortical neurons rest ［Ca2+］i, furthermore, the effect of 5 μmol*L-1 Aβ25～35 was higher than the effect of 1 μmol*L-1 Aβ25～35 (P<0.05), and they also amplified KCl-induced rise in ［Ca2+］i in hippocampal and cortical neurons(P<0.05). The interaction of Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 could also significantly enhance hippocampal and cortical neurons rest ［Ca2+］i andamplified KCl-induced rise in ［Ca2+］i in hippocampal and cortical neurons(P<0.05), but they had no synergic or additive effect.The frequency shift line widith Γ of both hippocampal and cortical neurons were decreased by both Aβ25-35 and ApoE4. CONCLUSION　Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 could enhance neuronal intracellular free Ca2+, amd decrease meirpma; ,e,brame f;iodotu. But their interaction had no synergic or additive effect. It suggested that the amplified effect of Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 on neuronal ［Ca2+］i and membane fluidity may be relative to their neurotoxity.

Objective To investigate the interaction of human testis sperm-associated antigen 4 like(SPAG4L) protein containing Sad,UNC-84(SUN) domain with nuclear envelop spectrin repeat proteins 3 (Nesprin-3) containing Klarsicht,ANC-1 and Syne homology (KASH) domain.Methods SPAC-4L protein domains were analyzed with the bioinformatics method.After the SPAG4L plasmid was transfected into Ntera-2 cells,the subcellular localization of SPAG4L was observed.The interaction of SPAG4L with Nesprin-3 was determined by immunofluorescence,co-immunoprecipitation(co-IP) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) technology,respectively.Results Bioinformatics analysis results showed that there was a transmembrane structure in SPAG4L protein.Subcellular localization results demonstrated that SPAG4L protein located in the nuclear membrane and cytoplasm.Immunofluorescence,Co-IP,and BiFC results showed that there was an interaction between SPAG4L and Nesprin-3,and that a LINC(linkers of the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeletan) complex was formed.Conclusion SPAG4L may interact with Nesprin-3 to form a LINC complex,which is important for understanding the function of SPAG4L protein in spermatogenesis.

Objective To systematically assess the safety of recombinant human interferon α1b(rhIFNα1b) as therapy for viral diseases in children,so as to provide on evidence-based medicine for the clinical treatment.Methods Randomized controlled trails (RCTs) of rhIFNα1b for viral diseases in children were investigated through PubMed literature retrieval service system,Science Citation Index,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,WanFang Database;RCTs were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Related data were extracted and the Meta-analysis was performed.Results Nineteen RCTs were involved,including 2 731 patients.In the overall,59/1 437 cases (4.1％) in the rhIFNα1b treatment group and 79/1 294 cases (6.1％) in the control group had adverse reactions.The Meta-analysis revealed that in the overall and in atomization inhalation subgroup,the incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the rhIFNα1b treatment group than that in the control group [Z =2.18 (P =0.03),RR =0.71(95％ CI:0.52-0.97);Z =2.44(P =0.01),RR =0.53 (95％ CI:0.32-0.88)].But,there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the rhIFNα1b treatment group and the control group in intramuscular injection subgroup,and the test for overall effect was Z =0.78 (P =0.43),RR =0.86 (95 ％ CI:0.58-1.26).The incidence of adverse reactions of the control group was significantly higher than that of the rhIFNα1b treatment group in gastrointestinal adverse reaction [Z =2.20 (P =0.03),RR =0.60 (95 ％ CI:0.39-0.95)],and the incidence of adverse reactions of the rhIFNα1b treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group in nervous system symptoms [Z=2.09(P=0.04),RR =4.28(95％ CI:1.10-16.72)].Conclusion Compared with other antiviral drugs,the treatment of pediatric common viral diseases with rhIFNα1 b has good safety,low incidence of adverse reactions,and the incidence of adverse reactions through atomization inhalation can be lower than that of intramuscular injection.

Objective To explore the relationship between the MRI enhancement ratios of liver parenchyma in hepatobiliary phase with gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA)and liver function.Methods Fifty-nine patients who underwent Gd-BOPTA-enhanced MRI were retrospectively enrolled in the study.The enhancement ratio of signal to noise ratio and enhancement ratio of the contrast ratio were calculated.The relationships between the enhancement ratio and CTP grading and MELD score were analyzed.Results The signal enhancement ratios in hepatobiliary phase in patients with CTP A classification were higher than those with CTP B classi-fication (P <0.01).Meanwhile,the ratios in patients with MELD scores less than 10 points were higher than those with MELD scores more than 10 points (P <0.01).Conclusion The MR enhancement degree of liver parenchyma in the hepatobiliary phase with Gd-BOPTA may reflect the liver function.

Objective To study the auxiliary effectiveness of dental floss or interdental brush in treating severe chronic periodontitis.Methods Thirty-five patients with severe chronic periodontitis were selected.The subjects were randomly divided into two groups.Right methods of brushing teeth,scaling,root planning and dental floss or interdental brush were performed in the experimental group,and the same therapy was used in the control group except using dental floss and interdental brush.The following indexes and measurements were compared:plaque index(PLI),probing depth(PD),bleeding index(BI) and mobility degree(MD).Results PLI,PD and BI demonstrated a significant improvement(P

Objective To investigate the changing trend of incidence and the relevant factors in fetal macrosomia. Methods 84 883 newborns during Jan. 1,1970 to Dec. 31,1999 were used to analyze the incidence of fetal macrosomia,the average birth weight,the percentage of superior fetal macrosomia, the distribution of gestational age, the rate of cesarean section and the vaginal delivery, the relevant factors of fetal macrosomia. Results All the cases were divided into 3 groups, one group from 1970 to 1979, the second one from 1980 to 1989, the third one from 1990 to 1999. The incidence of fetal macrosomia for three groups were 2. 6%, 6. 9% and 13 2% ( P