Recently accumulating evidence has shown that innate immunity recognition of invading pathogens can be attributed mainly to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family.TLR signaling can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulate expression of costimulatory molecules to provoke rapid activation of innate immuniry. Activated innate immunity subsequently leads to effective adaptive immunity. It, thereby, activites not only innate but ultimately also adaptive immunity. It can mediate activation of many kinds of cells, such as immune cells, hepatocytes et al. Upon binding to its respective ligands, TLR can activate signal transduction cascades leading to activation of transcription factors and protein kinases such as NF-?B and MAPK, and expression of immune response genes. Besides,TLR family may be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation via recognition of host products. Inhibition of TLR action may work as anti-inflammatory drugs, and possibly also as agents to treat autoimmune diseases.Thus,the increasing understanding of TLR system could be the basis for treating a variety of pathological conditions.

TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a new identified member of TNF family, which selectively kills a broad spectrum of tumor cells, but nontoxic to most normal cells. TRAIL triggers tumor cell apoptosis via death receptor DR4 and DR5 anchored in the cell surface, which is mediated through intracellular induced apoptosis proteins. The major pathway of its action proceeds through the formation of DSIC and activation of caspase8. The apoptotic processes follow two signal pathways, namely the mitochondrial independent activation of caspase3, and mitochondrial dependent apoptosis through the cleavage of BID by caspase8, the release of cytochrome C, the formation of apoptosome, and activation of caspase9 and the downstream apoptosis. In previous researches, it is shown that nontagged TRAIL proved to be noncytotoxic to hepatocytes in monkeys and chimpanzees and to human normal hepatocytes. Thus, the nontagged TRAIL has attracted great attention in recent years as a promising anti cancer reagent.

The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics ( PK/PD) of antimicrobials aims to establish and evaluate dose-concentration-response relationship, and subsequently to describe and predict the effect-time courses resulting from a drug dose.Nowadays, PK/PD is playing an important role in dosage regimen optimizing, reducing toxicity and drug tolerance of antibiotics.And it is also of great significance in determining susceptibility breakpoints and development in new drug.This paper reviews the progress on PK/PD studies of antibacterial and antifungal agents to provide theoretical basis for safe and effective individual dosage regimens.

0.05).FVC increased significantly in week 6 and 12(t=2.762,P =0.008;t=2.255,P =0.029,respectively).There was no statistical significance in FEV_1/FVC between two groups.IC increased significantly in week 6 and 12(t =3.204,P =0.002;t =3.109,P=0.003,respectively).Conclusion Inhaling tiotropium increases IC in patients with stable COPD.As lung function targets judging limit extent of airflow in patients with COPD,FEV_1/FVC and FEV_1(%)are not sensitive in evaluating therapeutic effect of bronchodilators.IC is more reliable than other targets in evaluating therapeutic effect of bronchodilators.

Objective The purpose of this study was to research the expression of Twist in cervical cancer tissues and the relationship between its expression and clinicopathologic characteristic, and to investigate the role of twist in cervical cancer invasion, metastasis and progress. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of the Twist in 78 cases of middle and advanced stages cervical cancer tissue microarray chip. The relationship between its expression and clinicopathological characteristic was analyzed. Results (1) The positive expression of twist in cervical cancer was 56/78 (71.8%);(2) The expression of Twist in cervical cancer was significantly related to tumor histology type, FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis and differentiation degree. With the increase of FIGO stage, the emergence of lymph node metastasis and the decrease of differentiation degree, the expression of Twist increased gradually ( <0.05) . Conclusion The expression of Twist may be closely related to the invasion, metastasis and progress of cervial cancer.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the reason of hospital infection by meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) popular on the wound surface in burn wards at a hospital located in South China.The methods of prevention and control were discussed.METHODS The MRSA infections on the surface of a wound of patients in burn wards were reviewed and analyzed from Sep 20,2005 to Sep 30,2005.The occurred reasons,distributed characteristics and drug resistance were carried out on the analysis.RESULTS There were 6 cases of MRSA infection on the injured area,from them 4 with third-degree burn,and 2 with moderate burn.The patients were cured completely.There was no blood stream MRSA infection.Vancomycin was used to treat.The fulminant epidemic of MRSA infection in the injured area was related with environment pollution and cross infection caused by the imprecise aseptic operation.CONCLUSIONS The injured area of burn patient is infected by MRSA.which often has strong drug resistance,but the vancomycin is effective.The environment disinfection is important.Medical personnel's standardized aseptic operation should be strengthened.The reasonable use of antibiotics can avoid the cross infection.It is the important method to prevent and control the fulminant epidemic.

Purpose:To analyze the immunophenotype character of malignant lymphoma with bone marrow involvement by means of Flow Cytometry (CD45/SSC gate).Methods:Bone marrow of malignant lymphoma patients was detected by Flow Cytometer(CD45/SSC gate),bone marrow smear was simultaneously performed as control.Results:(1) Bone marrow of 34 malignant lymphoma patients was examined by Flow Cytometry.23 cases were detected to have bone marrow involvement.(2) Among these 23 cases,19 cases were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL),4 cases were Hodgkin's lymphoma(HL).The highest frequency antigen marker of B cell NHL was CD19 and CD20,T cell NHL was CD7,and HL was CD9.Conclusions:(1)Flow Cytometry(CD45/SSC gate) is a feasible and effective method to detect patients with bone marrow involvement.(2) The antigen marker of B cell NHL is CD19 and CD20,T cell NHL is CD7 and HL is CD9.

Objective To investigate the relationship of proximal femur geometry and hip fracture in elderly women. Methods We compared proximal femur measurements made from the uninvolved hip of 48 plane anteroposterior pelvis radiographs of elderly women without fracture to those of the contralateral hip in a group of 43 cases with hip fracture. Measurements of Singh index, head diameter(HD), neck diameter(ND), femoral neck length(NL), neck shaft angle(NSA) and cortical thinckness of proximal femur were analyzed. Results The cortical thickness of proximal femur in hip fracture and without hip fracture groups was (10.9?3 1) mm and (13 2?2 9) mm, and the Singh index below Ⅲ? was 86 05% and 66 67%, respectively. No difference in HD,ND,NL and NSA could be demonstrated. Conclusions Singh index and cortical thickness of proximal femur may be used to predict the occurrence of the hip fracture in elderly women.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the perioperative prophylactic use of antibacteirals in patients undergoing simple goiter surgery.METHODS:The perioperative prophylactic use of antibacteirals in 240 patients of our hospital undergoing simple goiter surgery was analyzed statistically in respect of drug variety,DDDs,drug combination,medication time,curative effects,adverse drug reactions(ADR)etc.RESULTS:Of the 240 cases,238(99%)received prophylactic antimicrobials,with cephalosporins and quinolones dominating the list in terms of DDDs.The irrational drug use manifested as high proportion of high grade drugs in preventive medication,the prolonged postoperative use of antibacterials,and high rate of combined use of drugs etc.CONCLUSION:It is urgent to intensify physicians' consciousness about rational perioperative use of antibacterials.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of telomerase activity (TA) and hTERT expression in pleural effusions. Methods According to the final diagnosis, 51 patients with pleural effusion were classified into two groups: malignant group (n=27) and benign group (n=24). Telomerase activity in pleural effusion was measured by TRAP-ELISA. Then the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of telomerase activity for diagnosing pleural effusion were calculated. hTERT in pleural effusion was detected by western blotting analysis. Results TA assay showed that 24 of 27 cases of malignant pleural effusion were found to possess telomerase activity, while 1 of 24 cases of benign one had telomerase activity. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of TA assay for diagnosing pleural effusion were 88.9%, 95.8%, 96%, 88.5%, and 92.2%, respectively. hTERT test showed that 8 of 27 cases of malignant pleural effusion had hTERT expression, while none of 12 cases of benign one had hTERT expression. There was significant difference in diagnosing pleural effusion between two methods (? 2=19.64,P=9.4?10 -5 ). Conclusion Tolomerase activity assay may act as a routine diagnostic method for malignant pleural effusions, while hTERT test may serve as complementary one.