Objective　To investigate the effective application of trauma score methods and decrease the errors of evaluation.　Methods　The injury severity of 1 855 patients, including 583 outpatients, 907 inpatients, and 365 ICU patients, evaluated with various common-used trauma score methods was analyzed comparatively. 　Results　The area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC) of different trauma scoring methods were 0.81-0.91. Specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were above 78%. Excessiveness of scale in severity and undertriage were found for physiological indexes; whereas insufficiency of scale in severity and overtriage for anatomic indexes. The errors may happen if the prognosis of trauma patients merely rely on physiological, anatomy or age parameters. 　Conclusions　The use of different trauma score methods should be in combination with individual conditions and specific injury.

OBJECTIVE:To raise the price fixing of drugs to a scientific and reasonable level.METHODS:From the view of the whole society,the economic efficiency of newly-developed drugs and original drugs was compared with cost-effec?tiveness analysis.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Through comparison,the price ranges with economic efficiency of newly-de?veloped drugs would be obtained,which could guide the price fixing.

OBJECTIVE:Using the result of pharmacoeconomic evaluation to instruct the management of drug prices.ME_ THODS:Establishing a reference price and combining economic benefit to decide the price of a drug.RESULTS&CONCLU_ SION:According to the rational value scope,the prices of new drugs can be fixed.A reasonable and timely adjustment of the price can be made.

Objective To investigate the specific humoral immunity and the therapeutic effect of nasal tolerance with a dual analogue (Lys262-Ala207) in the patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods The levels of serum anti-AChR IgG and anti-AChR IgG isotype were determined with ABC-ELISA in 39 MG patients before and after treatment with Lys262-Ala207 and also in controls. cAMP was measured at the same time. The clinical severity and prognosis of MG were evaluated with Xu′s clinical scoring system. Results There was different in total IgG content among all groups. However the IgG 2 content was lower after the treatment and that of control (P

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of Exelon and the high pressure oxygen uniting to treat the old-age period of dementia and influence of Exelon on plasma transforming growth factor ?(TGF-?), insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1)and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) in patients with elderly dementia.Methods 172 cases with ?lzheimer's diseases (AD) and 202 cases with vascular dementia (VD) were randomly divided into Exelon group, high pressure oxygen group, uniting group (taking Exelon and doing the high pressure oxygen together) and piracetam group. The MMSE scores were graded before and after treatment. TGF-?, IGF-1 and ICAM-1 were detected in Exelon group before and after treatment.Results MMSE scores had improved in Exelon group, high pressure oxygen group and uniting group after the treatment in AD group and VD group (all P

Objective To investigate the features of multiple pelvic injuries (fracture combined with multiple traumas) and their effects on management and prognosis. Methods A total of 233 cases of hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures were grouped according to the patterns of violence, fracture and associated injuries. They were assessed with measured indexes in physiological state, anatomic injury and blood requirement. Their possibilities of survival (Ps) were also predicted. All the data were statistically analyzed. Results The pelvic fractures were often combined with multiple traumas and frequently resulted from high energy traffic accidents. The correlations among sources of bleeding, amounts of blood loss and hemodynamical changes were disproportional. In unstable pelvic fractures with extra pelvic bleeding, BP and blood requirement were significantly different, and their AIS and ISS of the pelvis were higher and their Ps was lower than in the other groups. Conclusions Multiple pelvic injuries caused by high energy are often highly risky and combined with multiple traumas and several sources of bleeding. A clear and precise assessment of the total injuries and sources of bleeding will help treat the patients with different managements.

AIM　To study the effects of Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 on neuronal intracellular free Ca2+(［Ca2+］i). METHODS　Hippocampal and cortical neurons suspension of newborn(0～3 days) SD rats was produced. After incubated with fura-2/AM,the neurons suspension was divided into four groups: control, Aβ25～35, Apo E4, Aβ25～35+Apo E4. Each groups ［Ca2+］i was measured using a RF-5000 dual wavelength spectrofluorometer after incubated with double distilled water, Aβ25～35, Apo E4, Aβ25～35+Apo E4 for 3 min, respectively. The neurons outocorrelation function(ACF) of the scattering light intersity was analyzed by the microscope quasi-elastic light scattering(MQLS) technique The frequency shift line width by ACF. The Γ can sympolize the cell menbrane flilidity. RESULTS　Both Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 could significantly enhance hippocampal and cortical neurons rest ［Ca2+］i, furthermore, the effect of 5 μmol*L-1 Aβ25～35 was higher than the effect of 1 μmol*L-1 Aβ25～35 (P<0.05), and they also amplified KCl-induced rise in ［Ca2+］i in hippocampal and cortical neurons(P<0.05). The interaction of Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 could also significantly enhance hippocampal and cortical neurons rest ［Ca2+］i andamplified KCl-induced rise in ［Ca2+］i in hippocampal and cortical neurons(P<0.05), but they had no synergic or additive effect.The frequency shift line widith Γ of both hippocampal and cortical neurons were decreased by both Aβ25-35 and ApoE4. CONCLUSION　Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 could enhance neuronal intracellular free Ca2+, amd decrease meirpma; ,e,brame f;iodotu. But their interaction had no synergic or additive effect. It suggested that the amplified effect of Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 on neuronal ［Ca2+］i and membane fluidity may be relative to their neurotoxity.

Objective To investigate the pile protein (paxillin) and carbonic anhydrases Ⅸ (CA Ⅸ)expression and its significance in duodenal papilla carcinoma patients.Methods Eighty-seven cases of duodenal papilla carcinoma were enrolled as our subject.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of paxillin and CAⅨ in site of tumor,adjacent tissue and duodenal papillitis tissue.Results Sixtyfive cases (74.7％ (65/87)) were showed a higher expression of paxillin in cancer site than that of adjacent tissue (41％ (16/39),P ＜ 0.05) and duodenal papillitis tissue (41.3％ (19/46),P ＜ 0.05),and the difference was statisically significant (x2 =19.869,P ＜0.05).While a higher expression of CA Ⅸ in 62 cases (71.3％) in cancer site was seen,higher than that of adjacent tissue (33.3％ (13/39),P ＜ 0.05) and duodenal papillitis tissue (30.4％ (14/46),P ＜ 0.05),and the difference was statisically significant (x2 =26.936,P ＜ 0.05).As the increase of the cancer tissue malignant degree and the surrounding tissue invasion or distant metastasis degree,paxillin and CA Ⅸ expression increased.Conclusion The paxillin and CAⅨ might served as the early indicators for diagnosis and judgment of prognosis of duodenal papilla cancer.

ObjectiveTo explore the hemodynamic characteristics of parotid glands before and after acid stimulation test in patients with Sjogren syndrome.MethodsTwenty female patients with Sjogren syndrome were enrolled as case group,and 20 healthy women were selected in the same period as control group.The blood flow spectrums of bilateral superficial temporal artery and intra-parotid small artery before and after acid stimulation were detected by color Doppler ultrasonography.Peak systolic velocity (PSV),end-diastolic minimum velocity(EDV) and resistance index( RI ) were obtained and analyzed.ResultsPSV and EDV of intra-parotid small artery in case group were significantly higher than those in control group before acid stimulation test,and RI was obviously lower than that in control group [ ( 16.01 ± 6.18 ) cm/s vs.( 14.00 ± 5.23 ) cm/s,( 5.96 ± 3.00 ) cm/s vs.( 3.54 ± 2.03 ) cm/s,0.64 ± 0.07 vs.0.76 ± 0.06 ] ( P ＜ 0.05 ).In control group,PSV and EDV of superficial temporal artery and intra-parotid small artery increased and RI reduced after acid stimulation test,which had significant differences before and after acid stimulation test (P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistical significance in the hemodynamic indexes of case group before and after acid stimulation test(P＞ 0.05 ).Conclusions The reactivity of parotid artery to acid stimulation test in patients with Sjogren syndrome reduce,especially the intra-parotid small artery.Color Doppler ultrasonography can contribute to show the hemodynamic changes of the parotid lesions efficiently.

BACKGROUND:Polylactic acid(PLA)surface is hydrophobic and there are no nataral recognition sites,so its application is limited.Many different strategies have been studied such as composition and chemical Drafting,to produce hydrophilic groups.However,these traditional methods are always involved in complex process and many organic reagents,resulting in decrease of biocompatibility.OBJECTIVE:To conduct the surfacr modification of PL.A and improve its hydrophilicity with low temperature plasma treatment.DESIGN:Controlled observation.SETTING:Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Jinan University.MATERIAIS:The experiment was processed from October 2004 to October 2005 at Guangzhou Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials Engineering(Ministry of Education).The mainly used materials were:Poly-D,L-lactic acid(Mr 2.9×104,Shandong Medical Instrument Institute),N-vinyl-pyrrolidone(NVP,Acros Company,purified before use).METHODS:The materials were treated in the plasma reactor under different conditions(power=150 W,t=3,2,1 minutes;power=30 W,t=10,8,5,3,1 minutes)to choose the optimal condition,and then PLA were grafted with NVP by gas phase polymerization and liquid polymerization,respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:THe surface morphology of the films was observed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.The hydrophilicity of native and treated material surfaces was measured using a water contact angle meter.Surface composition was detected with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.Mass changesmeasurement was applied to characterize the grafting efficiency.RESULTS:Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the plasma medified materials possessed coarse surface with pores and notches.Water contact angles decreased obviously from 78°to 50°after grafting,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer showed a new absorption peak at 1 637.19 cm-1,which corresponded to the carbonyl stretch vibration absorption of amide group in poly-N-vinyl-pyrrolidone.After the plasma treatmerlt at low temperature.the mass change ratio of PLA film material was-0.6.CONCLUSION:The plasma treatment and polymerization can improve the hydrophilicity and cause coarsr surface of PLA material,which will be helpful for the cell attachment.