OBJECTIVE:To discuss the effective countermeasures and the way to control the unreasonable rise of drug expenditures.METHODS:The essential factors that deciding drug expenditure were experienced multi-analyses.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The leading factor that led to the unreasonable rise of drug expenditure was that there were too many management faults in drug pricing and drug use,the drug pricing method should be improved in which the maximum retail prices of all drugs should be set by the government.the monitoring and inspecting of drug quality should be strengthened and the drug standards should be improved,a reward and punishment mechanism for doctors should be set up.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for setting up drug management institutions and formulating drug management policy.METHODS:Based on the objective of drug management,applying the systematic thinking and method as well as the logical reasoning approach to infer the key factors influencing drug management benefit in China.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The key factors influencing drug management benefit include the mission and objective of drug management,the core and authority agency of drug management,R&D of new drugs,the pharmaceutical industry's barriers to entry and exit,and the drug price.These factors and elements included in the objective of drug management are closely interrelated and interacted.

OBJECTIVE: To provide references for promoting the extensive application of pharmacoeconomics as soon as possible in China.METHODS: The causes of late beginning and slow progress of the application of pharmacoeconomics in China were analyzed systematically and comprehensively.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The main causes accountable for the late beginning and slow progress of the application of pharmacoeconomics in China included the absence of management mission and targets in the concerned departments,obsolete philosophy of management,misunderstanding of the medicine economy,distortion of payer's real need in the drug use process,and lack of necessary norms in the spontaneous evaluation work.The primary measure to accelerate the extensive application of pharmacoeconomics is to define the task of relevant top control agencies and to find the entry point of pharmacoeconomics in the existing spontaneous research work.

Objective To stndy the clinical efficacy of bicyclol treatment for chronic hepatitis B.Methods 70 cases of chronic hepatitis B patients were randomly divided into 2 groups;35 cases in test group,with bicyclol 75mg daily,and 35 cases control group,in with SNMC 150mg daily patients in the 2 groups got continuous medication for 12 weeks.levels of serum aminotransferase changes before and after treatment were observed.Results Serum aminotransferase decreased more significantly in test group(P

Traditional Chinese medicine is considered to have a lot of advantages in many ways when compared with modern medi-cine;however, the advantages are usually difficult to be widely accepted due to lack of evidence. Under the background that the evi-dence-base is paid universal attention all over the world, there is no doubt that it will bring negative effects on the development of tradi-tional Chinese medicine. Providing scientific and rational evidence base is essential for the healthy development of traditional Chinese medicine, and pharmacoeconomic is expected to play an important role in the area. The paper reviewed the study and application status of traditional Chinese medicine and pointed out the main problems, and furthermore, the corresponding countermeasures and sugges-tions were put forward in order to promote the research and application of pharmacoeconomic in the field of traditional Chinese medi-cine.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate economic effectiveness of 3 kinds of antimicrobial drugs for acute lithiasic cholecystitis,and to provide reference for rational use of antimicrobial drugs in biliary disease surgery.METHODS:A multicenter prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in 493 clinical cases of acute lithiasic cholecystitis.Cost-effectiveness analysis of cefoperazone/sulbactam sodium(therapy A n=180),cefuroxime(therapy B n=148) and levofloxacin(therapy C n=165) for acute lithiasic cholecystitis were carried out.RESULTS:Effective rates of three kinds of therapeutic regimens 95.56%,73.65%,84.24%,respectively.CONCLUSION:Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis of three kinds of therapeutic regimens shows therapy A is economical and the best choice for acute lithiasic cholecystitis compared with group B and C.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the cognition on hand hygiene and the reasons affecting the hand hygiene performance in hospital.METHODS Medical staff of 358 parsons were randomly selected by questionnaire.RESULTS It was higher cognition among medical staff on hand washing indication learned from Standards of Hand Hygiene among Medical Personnel in Medical Institutions(draft for soliciting opinions) issued by the Ministry of Health.The cognition coincidence of hand sterilization indication was 68.04%,but existed some less cognition or miscognition in this field among them.The main factors affecting the hand hygiene performance were busy at work,to which was the primary cause to affect use of stream water to wash hands.The concept that using stream water wash hand is reliable is the primary cause influence medical staffs to use alcohol scrape hand.CONCLUSIONS The nosocomial infection monitoring,guidance and control should be emphasized in the field of more use of the fast hand antiseptics instead washing hands and supervising the relevance of the amount of hand hygiene product consumpsion to nosocomial infections.

Objective:To explore risk factors for slow coronary flow (SCF) phenomenon in male patients .Methods:A total of 123 male patients ,who were suspecting coronary heart disease because of chest pain ,then coronary angiography indica‐ted there was no significant lesion in epicardial coronary arteries ,were selected .According to presence of SCF or not ,they were divided into SCF group (n=69) and normal group (n=54) .Case data of two groups were retrospectively analyzed , and Logistic regression analysis was use to analyze risk factors for male SCF .Results:Compared with normal group ,there were significant rise in body mass index [BMI , (24. 01 ± 1. 57 ) kg/m2 vs . (27. 06 ± 3. 40 ) kg/m2 ] , hemoglobin level [ (145.79 ± 9.63) g/L vs .(150.00 ± 11.84) g/L] and hematocrit [ (0.43 ± 0.03) L/L vs .(0.45 ± 0.06) L/L] in SCF group ,P<0.05 all .Logistic regression analysis indicated that BMI (OR= 1.373 ,95% CI 1.146~1.645 ,P=0.001) and hemoglobin (OR=1.037 ,95% CI 1.000~1.176 ,P=0.048) were independent risk factors for male SCF .Conclusion:El‐evated body mass index and hemoglobin level are independent risk factors for slow coronary flow in male patients ,so corre‐sponding preventive measures must be carried out to improve prognosis .

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference information for continuous technological innovation of biopharmaceutical enterprises in China.METHODS:Based on theory of continuous technological innovation,we summarized the present situation of technological innovation in China's biopharmaceutical enterprises and analyzed the problems through the way of SWOT;fina lly we put forward the countermeasures.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:If biopharmaceutical enterprises want to develop and grow,they must unite related departments to construct the system of continuous technological innovation.

OBJECTIVE:To raise the price fixing of drugs to a scientific and reasonable level.METHODS:From the view of the whole society,the economic efficiency of newly-developed drugs and original drugs was compared with cost-effec?tiveness analysis.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Through comparison,the price ranges with economic efficiency of newly-de?veloped drugs would be obtained,which could guide the price fixing.