BACKGROUND: Preplant diagnosis and rigorous implant strategy based on multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) imaging can improve success rate of mini-implants as anchorage. Effective application of imaging information in implant anchorage requires reliable tools and methods.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the accuracy of the radiographic and tunnel-type surgical templates assisting implant anchorage surgery and evaluate the clinical significance.METHODS: The transparent radiographic templates were made with occlusal rest to assist MSCT to scan two pigs' skulls locatively. After designed the implant anchorage angles in MSCT images accurately, we made the tunnel-type surgical template by angle data. A total of 32 miniscrews were implanted by surgical template, and the two pigs skulls were rescanned by MSCT. After dissected the pig alveolar process, the MSCT preoperative planning angles, the MSCT postoperative measurement angles and the measurement angles of anatomic bone samples were analyzed statistically. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The 32 miniscrews were implanted successfully. They did not damage dental roots or surrounding important structures. Compared MSCT preoperative planning angles with MSCT postoperative measurement angles and anatomic bone samples measurement angles, there were no significant differences on axial sections or cross-sections and the r concordance correlations were very good. Results show that the radiographic and the tunnel-type surgical templates are accurate and reliable for operation and will help to improve the success rate of implant anchorage.

Interleukin (IL)-27 is a new member of the IL-6/IL-12 family composed of p28 subunit and Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) subunit. Its receptor is composed of WSX-1 and gp130. It has dual properties including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory function at different conditions. Studies have shown that IL-27 exerts its biological activities through stimulating JAK1/STAT1, JAK1/STAT3 signal pathways and regulating the production of Th1, Th17 as well as their related-cytokines. Furthermore, IL-27 can exert the role of anti-tumor activity by enhancing the effect of cytotoxic T cells and anti-angiogenesis.

BACKGROUND: The shear bond strength between ceramic orthodontic brackets and teeth is so large that ceramic brackets are not easily eliminated safely. Whether the shear bond strength of self-etching primer/adhesive can be decreased and the injuries to enamel can be reduced has been always concerned by orthodontists. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bond strength between self-etching primer/adhesive system and ceramic orthodontic brackets and make a comparison with Jingjin enamel adhesive most commonly used by clinicians in China.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Controlled observation, performed at Hebei University of Science and Technology in March 2006.MATERIALS: Twenty permanent premolars extracted due to orthodontic treatment were selected. The premolars were required to have excellent enamel and gloss, no cracks or carious lesions, and have not been given any chemotherapy. Ceramic orthodontic brackets were arch wire ceramic premolar brackets with 0.022-inch standard edgewide (3M company,USA). The bottom bracket area was 12.16 mm2. Self-etching sealant and TransbondTM fight-cure adhesive were purchased from 3M company, USA. Jingjin enamel adhesive, a conventional self-etching adhesive, was provided by Tianjin Institute of Synthetic Materials Industry, China.METHODS: The 20 premolars were randomly evenly divided into a self-etching primer/adhesive group, in which,self-etching sealant and TransbondTM fight-cure adhesive were applied, and a Jingiin enamel adhesive group, in which,Jingjin enamel adhesive was used.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: After 24 hours, shear bond strength was determined respectively in the two groups using anti-shearing testing machine. Simultaneously, residual adhesive remaining on the teeth was examined. RESULTS: The mean shear bond strength was lower in the self-etching primer/adhesive group than in the Jingjin enamel adhesive group, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). The mean shear bond strength in the two groups was clinically acceptable. The residual adhesive remaining on the teeth was significantly less in the self-etching prime/adhesive group than in the Jingjin enamel adhesive group (P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Self-etching prime/adhesive system used for bonding ceramic orthodontic brackets can satisfy clinical requirements. Moreover, its bond strength can be appropriately decreased and ceramic brackets are easily removed, thereby,injuries to enamel can be reduced.

Discussed in the paper are case-based payment practice in China,and outcomes of this practice for the past ten years.The authors pointed out that compared with DRGs,such a practice is exposed to such risks as low coverage of diseases,incompatible policies,defective pricing method,and lack of comprehensive evaluation.It indicates that China is on the initial stage of case-based payment reform which should be promoted with reference to international experiences.

BACKGROUND: Chitosan and sodium alginate are the good natural materials for microcapsule, and also used widely in tissue engineering. Our research teams have made thorough work at anticoagulant materials, but these materials are inert or simulate the liquid crYstal form of blood vessel wall. While in this experiment, on the base of our previous study, we microencapsulated heparin with biotic anticoagulation activity and other specific performances in order to enable microcapsule to have a long time releasing effect of medicine.OBJECTIVE: To microencapsulate the low molecular heparin so as to ensure the stability of heparin in vivo and analyze the effect of content of chitosan on the performance of heparin microcapsules basing on the natural chitosan and sodium alginate as the enwrapped materials of microcapsules.DESIGN: Open experiment.SETTING: Department of Material Science and Engineering, Jinan University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed at the laboratory of Department of Material Science and Engineering, Jinan University from October 2004 to June 2005. Heparin, with relative molecular mass＜ 5 000, was provided by Shandong Freda Biochem Co., Ltd.,; Chitosan was provided by Shanghai Bio Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd, DD≥90%, η＜ 100 cps;Sodium alginate was provided by Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Industrial Co., Ltd. Emulsions were Span80, and CaCl2, which were both made in China.METHODS: ①Preparation of heparin/chitosan microcapsules (HCM):Some heparin aqueous solution was emulsified in liquid paraffin. The reaction system was stirred fully and presented emulsion. Then the whole reaction system was warmed to be at 50 ℃ and maintained for 20 minutes. Afterwards, 20 g/L chitosan solution was added slowly, subsequently with raising the temperature to be at 60 ℃ and then glutaraldehyde was dropwised keeping the reaction system at 80 ℃ for 1hour. Centrifugation, filtration and washing followed by washing with kerosene fully, remain organic was extracted by dehydrated alcohol with extractor were performed.Drying and xeransis in vacuum were done at last. ② Preparation of heparin-sodium alginate-chitosan microcapsules (HSCM) :Heparin aqueous solution and sodium alginate were emulsified in paraffin, and the reaction system was stirred into emulsion at room temperature for 20 minutes, then 3% CaCl2 solution containing different concentrations of chitosan was added slowly. 30 minutes later, Microcapsules were separated, washed and dried as the treatments as before. ③ Drug content and envelope efficiency were measured, heparin standard curve was determined and in vitro releasing effect of heparin microcapsules was also measured.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Effect of chitosan solution concentration on preparation of heparin-chitosan microcapsules; ② Effect of glutaraldehyde dosage on preparation of heparin-chitosan microcapsules; ③Effect of sodium alginate concentration on hepatin-sodium alginate; ④Effect of chitosan concentration on hepatin-sodium alginate-chitosan microcapsules. ⑤ In vitro release of heparin microcapsules enwrapped by different materials. ⑥Measurement of heparin content and envelope efficiency. ⑦ Observation of heparin microcapsule under scanning electron microscope RESULTS: ①With the increasing concentration of chitosan, the color of production changed from yellow to dark, and microcapsules were increscent, but the microcapsules uniformity and property of balling were increased. ②The increasing content of glutaraldehyde led darker production.Increase of glutaraldehyde content made production bond each other severely. The glutaraldehyde, which did not react with chitosan, can solidify itself and presented anomalous microcapsules forming. ③There was not obvious balling property of the production with the change of concentration of sodium alginate. ④The balling property of microsphere was good with increasing concentration of chitosan. However, microcapsules conglutinated with each other. 2% chitosan would be better. ⑤With the increase of chitosan content, the releasing speed ofheparin became slow. ⑥The envelope efficiency was about 58% when microcapsule contained 20%(wt) of chitosan, and used chitosan only the envelope efficiency could approach to 79.9%. ⑦ The surface of microcapsules with chitosan was very compact,and with increasing of content of glutaraldehyde, microcapsules would bond each other.CONCLUSION: Chitosan at certain concentration will affect the uniformity and balling property of microcapsules. Chitosan dosage can alter the envelope efficiency of heparin. Envelope efficiency of heparin is increased and releasing speed of heparin is decreased with the increase of content of chitosan.

Objective To investigate the incidence of spasticity 6 months after first stroke. Methods 355 patients hospitalized from March 2012 to December 2013 were assessed with the modified Ashworth Scale 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after stroke. Results The incidence of spasticity was 42.7% in the 1st month, and increased to 63.7% and 65.7% 3 and 6 months after stroke, respectively. The incidence of spasticity was the most 3 months after stroke both in arms and legs. The incidence of moderate to severe spasticity was more in the arms than in the legs. There was no significant difference at incidence of spasticity among foci and ages. Conclusion Spasticity usually occurs within 3 months after stroke, and more frequent in the upper limb than lower limb.

Objective To observe the effect of Botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) injection on upper limb pain after stroke. Methods A case with upper limb pain after stroke was reported. The symptom, the location and dosage of injection, and the prognosis were recorded. Results The pain relieved after injection, and disappeared 4 weeks after injection. Conclusion BTX-A injection is effective on upper limb pain after stroke.

Neurological rehabilitation involves the most functional impairments. The students of rehabilitation medicine are required to master diagnosis and treatments of diseases, and assessments and rehabilitation of disabilities in neurological field during practice. This article introduced the experience of teaching for the students practised neurological rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND:Polylactic acid(PLA)surface is hydrophobic and there are no nataral recognition sites,so its application is limited.Many different strategies have been studied such as composition and chemical Drafting,to produce hydrophilic groups.However,these traditional methods are always involved in complex process and many organic reagents,resulting in decrease of biocompatibility.OBJECTIVE:To conduct the surfacr modification of PL.A and improve its hydrophilicity with low temperature plasma treatment.DESIGN:Controlled observation.SETTING:Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Jinan University.MATERIAIS:The experiment was processed from October 2004 to October 2005 at Guangzhou Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials Engineering(Ministry of Education).The mainly used materials were:Poly-D,L-lactic acid(Mr 2.9×104,Shandong Medical Instrument Institute),N-vinyl-pyrrolidone(NVP,Acros Company,purified before use).METHODS:The materials were treated in the plasma reactor under different conditions(power=150 W,t=3,2,1 minutes;power=30 W,t=10,8,5,3,1 minutes)to choose the optimal condition,and then PLA were grafted with NVP by gas phase polymerization and liquid polymerization,respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:THe surface morphology of the films was observed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.The hydrophilicity of native and treated material surfaces was measured using a water contact angle meter.Surface composition was detected with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.Mass changesmeasurement was applied to characterize the grafting efficiency.RESULTS:Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the plasma medified materials possessed coarse surface with pores and notches.Water contact angles decreased obviously from 78°to 50°after grafting,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer showed a new absorption peak at 1 637.19 cm-1,which corresponded to the carbonyl stretch vibration absorption of amide group in poly-N-vinyl-pyrrolidone.After the plasma treatmerlt at low temperature.the mass change ratio of PLA film material was-0.6.CONCLUSION:The plasma treatment and polymerization can improve the hydrophilicity and cause coarsr surface of PLA material,which will be helpful for the cell attachment.

BACKGROUND: Resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) cements have higher bond strength, especially can release fluoride. But there are fewer reports of the clinical application for the prevention of decalcification.OBJECTIVE: To test the benefit from using RMGI cement instead of a conventional composite resin in bracket bonding for patients with malocclusion, and observe bracket-failure rates and decalcification on enamel surfaces at pretreatment and at debonding.DESIGN: Observational and comparative trial.SETTING: The Second Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University.PARTICIPANTS: Forty successive patients (358 teeth) with malocclusion admitted to the Department of Orthodontics in the Second Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, were selected for the study from July to August in 2002. All the patients (21 females and 19 males, mean age 16 years) had normal and complete anterior teeth, good oral hygiene. There were no obvious differences in bilateral teeth. Informed consents were obtained from all the subjects. The experiment was also approved by the ethical committee of the hospital. Experimental materials were RMGI adhesive (Fuji, GC, Japan, Lot 0005111) and composite resin cement (enamel adhesive of Beijing and Tianjin, Tianjin product, Lot 020402). Brackets produced from Hangzhou 3B and 37% phosphoric acid were used.METHODS: ①Bonding brackets: Subjects selected according to random procedure were divided into two groups, each with 20. GroupⅠ: The left buccal surfaces bonded with light-cure RMGI were etching for 30 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid, rinsed with water; the right buccal surfaces bonded with composite resin cement were etching for 60 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid, rinsed with water and dried; Group Ⅱ: After etching for 30 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid, the right buccal surfaces were rinsed with water and bonded brackets with light-cure RMGI. The left buccal surfaces were bonded brackets with composite resin cement after etching for 60 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid, rinsing with water and drying; Attachment of 0.036-cm NiTi wires with ligature to the brackets was conducted 10 minutes after light-curing. The information about differences in bilateral bonding materials was not told to patients. To ensure an equal bonding materials containing fluoride and minimize the error, all the patients were instructed to use toothpaste containing fluoride, a fluoride mouthwash was not prescribed. The treatment period was 9-26 months (mean 18 months).②Patients were rechecked at intervals of 4 weeks postoperatively. Each bonded tooth was checked for loose or missing brackets, and failures were recorded. A color transparency of anterior teeth area was taken using a standardized photographic technique. The enamel surface conditions were classified at a magnification of ×10. The condition of enamel surface recorded was made according to the scoring system by Geiger before treatment and at debonding.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①The number and site of bonding failures.②Enamel surface conditions at before treatment and debonding.RESULTS: Forty patients were all involved in the result analysis. Eliminating 4 teeth occurring bond failure and 4 teeth of opposite side at anterior teeth, a total of 232 teeth were evaluated.①The number and sit of bonding failures: There was no significant difference between the failure rates of RMGI adhesive and composite resin cement (P > 0.05). Significantly more premolar brackets failed than incisor brackets.②Decalcification of enamel surface: At debonding after treatment, the incidence rates of white spots in the surfaces bonded with the RMGI were significantly lower than that in the composite resin (25.9%, 38.8%, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:The use of RMGI for brackets bonding results in a significant reduction in the incidence of white spot at debonding. Reducing etching time may obtain a similar survival rate with the routine etching time.