Objective: This study is explore the risk factors of premature ovarian failure extensively providing valuable information for prevention strategies.Methods: The 1∶2 matched case-control study was conducted.Results: The single-factor conditional logistic regression analysis indicated that marriage condition,the times of induced abortion and another 12 factors were related to POF.Multivariate conditional logistic regression model indicated that marriage condition,the times of induced abortion,smoking,hair dyeing,mood,the influence of eating vegetable,and mumps were relates to POF.Conclusion: Marriage condition,the times of induced abortion,influence of eating vegetable,hair dyeing,mood and mumps were play an important role in the onset of POF.

BACKGROUND: Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a regulatory effect on survival, growth, differentiation, and egeneration of neurons. OBJECTIVE: To verify the therapy effects and the expression of Fos protein with different dose of NGF on the spinal cord of rats with neuropathic pain.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The randomized controlled animal experiment was performed at the Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital.MATERIALS: A total of 72 male, health, adult, Wistar rats, weighing 180-200 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely,model group and NGF with 4, 8, 16 Ijg groups, with 18 animals in each group.METHODS: All rats were prepared sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury models. Rats were intraperitoneal injected NGF with 4,8, 16 μg/(kg·d) in the experimental groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Behavioral observation and mechanical pain threshold testing was performed prior to and at days 1,2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 after operation. ②Six of rats in each group were sacrificed at days 2, 7, and 14 after operation, and the expression of Fos protein in the spinal cord were assayed with the immunohistochemicat methods and image analysis.RESULTS: In the model group, rats raised and licked feet spontaneously after operatiOn, and the mechanical pain threshold was decreased from the 3rd day, and reached the lowest at day 14. However, in the NGF groups, rat exhibited no pontaneous pain,without subnormal period of mechanical pain threshold. The mechanical pain threshold in rats of the model group as significant different to the other groups at days 10 and 14 after operation (P < 0.05). The mechanical pain threshold in rats of all groups increased, but which of 16 μg NGF group was lower than the other groups on the first day after operation (P < 0.01 ) and lower than that of the 4 μg NGF group at 2 days after operation (P < 0.05). The expression of Fos protein in the spinal cord of the model group was increased than that of the other groups after operation (P < 0.01 ). The expression of Fos protein in the spinal cord of the 16 μg NGF group was less than that of model and 4 μg NGF groups at day 2 after operation (P < 0.01 ).CONCLUSION: NGF has therapeutical effect on neuropathic pain of rats, especially with large dosage. The mechanisms may be inhibiting the expression of Fos protein in the spinal cord of rats.

Objective To observe the effect of electroacupuncture(EA) on the profiles of hippocampal whole-genome expression in depression rats so as to study its underlying mechanism in relieving depression.Methods Thirty male SD rats were randomized into normal,model and EA groups(n=10/group).Depression model was established by chronic unpredictable stress stimulation(forced ice-water swimming,electric shock,tail-clamping,etc.) and lonely raising for 21 days.EA(2 Hz,1 mA) was applied to "Baihui"(GV 20) and "Yintang"(EX-HN 3) for 15 min,once daily for 7 days.The rats' ethological activities(horizontal and vertical movements) were detected with Open-field test in Morris labyrinth,and 1% sucrose solution consumption was detected.After termination of the treatment,the rats were killed and their hippocampal tissues were taken out for analyzing the whole-genome expression with Roche-NimbleGen chips(Rattus norvegicus 12?135 Karray).Results Compared with normal group,the distance of horizontal movement,rearing times,and sucrose consumption at day 21 and day 28 of model group decreased considerably(P

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Objective To explore the effect of budesonide combined with ipratropium bromide in the treat-ment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and observe the adverse reactions during treat-ment.To analyze the treatment of safety and to provide the basis for clinical treatment.Methods 160 cases of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were selected,they were randomly divided into the control group A,B,C and the observation group,with 40 cases in each group.The control group A was treated with prednisone and other conventional,control group B was treated with aminophylline and other conventional treatment,the control group C application included prednisone,aminophylline and other conventional treatment,all the control group were treated with 0.9% sodium chloride solution inhaled as a placebo spray.And the observation group application of budesonide was combined with ipratropium bromide based on the routine treatment.Mainly the effect of treatment was observed,and the blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaO2 ),partial pressure of oxygen (PaCO2 ),forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ),forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 )and forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity ratio of FVC (FEV1 /FVC)before and after treatment were detected.And the adverse reactions were observed to evaluate its safety.Results The total effective rate of the observation group was 95.00%(38 /40),which were higher than the control group A,B and C,the differences were statistically significant (χ2 =9.68,9.70,9.91,all P <0.05).The PaO2 level of the observation group after treatment was (76.89 ±0.63)mmHg, which were higher than that of the control group after treatment (73.66 ±0.47)mmHg,and that of two groups after treatment were higher than those before treatment,the differences were statistically significant (t =10.48,13.72,12.83,all P <0.05).The PaCO2 of the observation group after treatment was (50.06 ±0.60)mmHg,which were lower than that of the control group A,B and C after the treatment,each group after treatment was lower than that before treatment,the differences were statistically significant (t =11.72,12.69,10.74,all P <0.05 ).FEV1 and FEV1 /FVC of the observation group after treatment were (2.19 ±0.29)L and (69.27 ±0.59)%,which were higher than those of the control group A,B and C after treatment,and each groupafter treatment was higher than that before treatment,the differences were statistically significant (t =12.68,13.10,12.41,9.89,10.63,11.29,all P <0.05). Comparison of adverse reactions in each group,the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =1.38,P >0.05). Conclusion It has good clinical curative effect on budesonide combined with ipratropium bromide for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients,which can significantly improve the pulmona-ry function of patients,shorten recovery time,and has high security.It is worthy of clinical application.

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical value of ultrasonography in the detection of median nerve in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).MethodsMedian nerve was detected in 70 healthy adults (control group) and 43 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus group) by color Doppler ultrasonography.The type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were divided into two groups according to the duration of the disease:＜ 10 years group (26 cases) and ≥ 10 years group( 17 cases).And they were divided into two groups according to the random plasma glucose (RPG):RPG ＜ 15 mmol/L group(28 cases) and RPG≥ 15mmol/L group ( 15 cases).The nerve cross section area (CSA) was taken at the level of the pisiform.Results The median nerve in diabetes mellitus group had decreased echogenicity and increased color in it.The CSA of the median nerve in diabetes mellitus group was significantly higher than that in control group [ ( 10.3 ± 2.1 )mm2 vs. (8.3:± 1.7) mm2 ] (P ＜ 0.01 ).The C SA of the median nerve in ≥ 10 years group was significantly higher than that in ＜10 years group [ ( 12.3 ± 2.0) mm2 vs.( 10.2 ± 2.6) mm2] (P ＜ 0.01 ).The CSA of the median nerve in RPG ≥ 15 mmol/L group was significantly higher than that in RPG ＜ 15 mmol/L group [ ( 11.7 ± 1.8) mm2 vs.(9.6 ± 2.7 ) mm2 ] (P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionColor Doppler ultrasonography examination may reveal morphology of median nerve and is useful for the diagnosis of DPN.

OBJECTIVE: A series of studies has been reported concerning deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement. This paper is aimed to summarize the occurrence factor and preventive measures for deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement.METHODS: A computer-based online search of VIP database was undertaken by the first author to identify the articles about the deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement published in between January 1994 and October 2009 with the key words of"artificial hip replacement and deep venous thrombosis". Inclusive criteria: ①Occurrence factor of deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement. ②Diagnostic criteria and diagnostic methods of deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement. ③Preventive strategy for deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement. Inclusive criteria: repetitive research or obsolete documents. Totally 25 literatures were included in this paper.RESULTS: The agreement has been basically achieved for pathogenesis and risk factor of deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement. The pathogenesis included blood hypercoagulable state, slow blood flow (or stasis), and vessel wall damage. Meanwhile, elderly, cerebrovascular disease, varicose vein or intravenous surgery, were the risk factors of deep venous thrombosis. Mechanical therapy or medication could be selected for preventing patients against deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement with different features. It was an acceptable method for most patients using mechanical therapy, which could not induce drug adverse reaction, but the clinical efficacy remained uncertain for high-risk patient population, thus, medication should be combined. Low molecular heparin was considered first-choice drugs for preventing deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement, which was characterized by common uses and reliable effects. CONCLUSION: Studies on influencing factor and preventive treatment of deep venous thrombosis following artificial hip replacement has arisen more attention in medical circles. The understanding of pathogenesis, correlation factors and preventive measures plays an important role in decreasing incidence deep venous thrombosis.

Objective To studythe effect of CD+4CD+25 regulatory T(Tr)cells on dendric cells(DC)in peripheral blood and deciduas from unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion(URSA)patients.Methods Four URSA patients(abortion group)and 4 normal early pregnant women(control group)were enrolled in this study.Tr cells and DC in the peripheral blood and deciduas were isolated using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation and magnetic cell sorting(MACS).DC were cultured alone(DC alone)or in combination with Tr cells(DC+Tr)for 6 days,during which the release of interferon(IFN)-γandinterleukin(IL)-10 in the medium was subsequently measured by enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA).Results(1) Peripheral blood:there was no significant difference in IFN-γlevel between DCalone(23.2±0.7)ng/L and DC+Tr(22.5±3.0)ng/L in abortion group(P>0.05).The similar level of IL-10 was observed between DC alone(37±7)ng/L and DC+Tr(35±4)ng/L in abortion group(P>0.05).IL-10 level,but not IFN-γ,was significantly hisber in DC alone(54±20)ns/L than that in DC+ Tr(36±9)ng/L in control group(P<0.01).(2)Deciduas:there was no significant difference in IFN-γlevel between DC alone(23.4±2.6)ng/L and DC+Tr(24.4±2.5)ng/L in abortion group(P>0.05).Moreover,Similar IL-10 level was found between DC alone(28±7)ng/L and DC+Tr(25±5)ng/L in abortion group(P>0.05).IFN-γlevel in CD alone(30.7±4.6)ng/L was significantly higher than that in DC+Tr(22.6±3.8)ng/L in control group(P<0.01);whereas IL-10 level was much lower in DC alone (27±6)ng/L than that in DC+Tr(31±9)ng/L in control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The decreasing of immunosuppressive funetion of Tr eell of URSA patients affect its regulation on DC.resulting in imbalance of Th1/Th2 and abnormality of maternal-fetal jmmuno-tolerence in URSA.

Objective To investigate the effects of penehyclidine (PHCD) pretreatment on nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-kB ) activity during lipopolysaccharide ( LPS )-induced acute lung injury ( ALl ) in neonate rats.Methods Thirty 7-day old Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 18-21 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =10 each): group Ⅰ control (group C); group Ⅱ LPS; group Ⅲ PHCD. Group Ⅱ and Ⅲ received intraperitoneal ( group IP) LPS 3 mg/kg. In group Ⅲ PHCD 5 mg/kg was administered IP at 30 min before LPS respectively. The animals were killed at 4 h after LPS administration. The lungs were immediately removed. The W/D lung weight ratio was measured. The TNF-α, IL-1 βand IL-10 content in the lung were detected by ELISA and expression of NF-kB p65 was detected by immuno-histochemical staining.Results LPS significantly increased W/D lung weight ratio, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-10 content and NF-kB p65 expression in the lung as compared with control group. PHCD administered before LPS significantly attenuated the LPS-induced changes. Electron microscopy showed that PHCD before LPS significandy ameliorated the LPS-induced histological damages. Conclusion Pretreatment with PHCD can attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury though inhibition of NF-kB activation and inflammatory response of lung tissue in neonate rats.

Objective To evaluate the effect of insulin on apoptosis in hippocampal neurons of sevoflurane-anesthetized mice.Methods Forty-five pathogen-free healthy male BALB/c mice,aged 5-6 weeks,weighing 18-22 g,were divided into 3 groups (n=15 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),sevoflurane group (group Sev) and insulin plus sevoflurane group (group IS).Insulin 2 U/20 μ1 was instilled via the nasal cavity for 7 consecutive days in group IS,and 0.9％ normal saline 20 μl was given instead in group C.After the end of insulin treatment,2.5％ sevoflurane was inhaled for 1 h in Sev and IS groups,and Morris water maze test was performed to assess the cognitive function 1 day later.The mice were then sacrificed and hippocampal tissues were obtained for determination of neuronal apoptosis (by TUNEL) and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax (by Western blot).Apoptosis index (AI)was calculated.Results Compared with group C,the escape latency was significantly prolonged at day 4 after operation,the percentage of time spent on the target quadrant was decreased at day 5 after operation,AI was increased,the expression of Bax was up-regulated,and the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated in group Sev (P＜0.05).Compared with group Sev,the escape latency was significantly shortened at day 4 after operation,the percentage of time spent on the target quadrant was increased at day 5 after operation,AI was decreased,the expression of Bax was down-regulated,and the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated in group IS (P＜ 0.05).Cornclusion Insulin improves the cognitive function of sevoflurane-anesthetized mice through inhibiting apoptosis in hippocampal neurons.