BACKGROUND: Chitosan and sodium alginate are the good natural materials for microcapsule, and also used widely in tissue engineering. Our research teams have made thorough work at anticoagulant materials, but these materials are inert or simulate the liquid crYstal form of blood vessel wall. While in this experiment, on the base of our previous study, we microencapsulated heparin with biotic anticoagulation activity and other specific performances in order to enable microcapsule to have a long time releasing effect of medicine.OBJECTIVE: To microencapsulate the low molecular heparin so as to ensure the stability of heparin in vivo and analyze the effect of content of chitosan on the performance of heparin microcapsules basing on the natural chitosan and sodium alginate as the enwrapped materials of microcapsules.DESIGN: Open experiment.SETTING: Department of Material Science and Engineering, Jinan University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed at the laboratory of Department of Material Science and Engineering, Jinan University from October 2004 to June 2005. Heparin, with relative molecular mass＜ 5 000, was provided by Shandong Freda Biochem Co., Ltd.,; Chitosan was provided by Shanghai Bio Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd, DD≥90%, η＜ 100 cps;Sodium alginate was provided by Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Industrial Co., Ltd. Emulsions were Span80, and CaCl2, which were both made in China.METHODS: ①Preparation of heparin/chitosan microcapsules (HCM):Some heparin aqueous solution was emulsified in liquid paraffin. The reaction system was stirred fully and presented emulsion. Then the whole reaction system was warmed to be at 50 ℃ and maintained for 20 minutes. Afterwards, 20 g/L chitosan solution was added slowly, subsequently with raising the temperature to be at 60 ℃ and then glutaraldehyde was dropwised keeping the reaction system at 80 ℃ for 1hour. Centrifugation, filtration and washing followed by washing with kerosene fully, remain organic was extracted by dehydrated alcohol with extractor were performed.Drying and xeransis in vacuum were done at last. ② Preparation of heparin-sodium alginate-chitosan microcapsules (HSCM) :Heparin aqueous solution and sodium alginate were emulsified in paraffin, and the reaction system was stirred into emulsion at room temperature for 20 minutes, then 3% CaCl2 solution containing different concentrations of chitosan was added slowly. 30 minutes later, Microcapsules were separated, washed and dried as the treatments as before. ③ Drug content and envelope efficiency were measured, heparin standard curve was determined and in vitro releasing effect of heparin microcapsules was also measured.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Effect of chitosan solution concentration on preparation of heparin-chitosan microcapsules; ② Effect of glutaraldehyde dosage on preparation of heparin-chitosan microcapsules; ③Effect of sodium alginate concentration on hepatin-sodium alginate; ④Effect of chitosan concentration on hepatin-sodium alginate-chitosan microcapsules. ⑤ In vitro release of heparin microcapsules enwrapped by different materials. ⑥Measurement of heparin content and envelope efficiency. ⑦ Observation of heparin microcapsule under scanning electron microscope RESULTS: ①With the increasing concentration of chitosan, the color of production changed from yellow to dark, and microcapsules were increscent, but the microcapsules uniformity and property of balling were increased. ②The increasing content of glutaraldehyde led darker production.Increase of glutaraldehyde content made production bond each other severely. The glutaraldehyde, which did not react with chitosan, can solidify itself and presented anomalous microcapsules forming. ③There was not obvious balling property of the production with the change of concentration of sodium alginate. ④The balling property of microsphere was good with increasing concentration of chitosan. However, microcapsules conglutinated with each other. 2% chitosan would be better. ⑤With the increase of chitosan content, the releasing speed ofheparin became slow. ⑥The envelope efficiency was about 58% when microcapsule contained 20%(wt) of chitosan, and used chitosan only the envelope efficiency could approach to 79.9%. ⑦ The surface of microcapsules with chitosan was very compact,and with increasing of content of glutaraldehyde, microcapsules would bond each other.CONCLUSION: Chitosan at certain concentration will affect the uniformity and balling property of microcapsules. Chitosan dosage can alter the envelope efficiency of heparin. Envelope efficiency of heparin is increased and releasing speed of heparin is decreased with the increase of content of chitosan.

Objective:To enhance hospital equipment information management standards for the purpose of measurement instruments.Methods:Using solutions based on Web technology, database technology, database through the establishment of measurement devices, implement life cycle management method.Results: To solve the many hospital only attach importance to the management of medical equipment, ignore the metering device management, lead to measuring instruments record disorder, query the inconvenience problem.Conclusion: Medical device measurement equipment management system improves the ability of the hospital information management, strengthens the efficiency of communication and exchanges of various departments and produces good economic and social benefits.

Objective To explore the effect of budesonide combined with ipratropium bromide in the treat-ment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and observe the adverse reactions during treat-ment.To analyze the treatment of safety and to provide the basis for clinical treatment.Methods 160 cases of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were selected,they were randomly divided into the control group A,B,C and the observation group,with 40 cases in each group.The control group A was treated with prednisone and other conventional,control group B was treated with aminophylline and other conventional treatment,the control group C application included prednisone,aminophylline and other conventional treatment,all the control group were treated with 0.9% sodium chloride solution inhaled as a placebo spray.And the observation group application of budesonide was combined with ipratropium bromide based on the routine treatment.Mainly the effect of treatment was observed,and the blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaO2 ),partial pressure of oxygen (PaCO2 ),forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ),forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 )and forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity ratio of FVC (FEV1 /FVC)before and after treatment were detected.And the adverse reactions were observed to evaluate its safety.Results The total effective rate of the observation group was 95.00%(38 /40),which were higher than the control group A,B and C,the differences were statistically significant (χ2 =9.68,9.70,9.91,all P <0.05).The PaO2 level of the observation group after treatment was (76.89 ±0.63)mmHg, which were higher than that of the control group after treatment (73.66 ±0.47)mmHg,and that of two groups after treatment were higher than those before treatment,the differences were statistically significant (t =10.48,13.72,12.83,all P <0.05).The PaCO2 of the observation group after treatment was (50.06 ±0.60)mmHg,which were lower than that of the control group A,B and C after the treatment,each group after treatment was lower than that before treatment,the differences were statistically significant (t =11.72,12.69,10.74,all P <0.05 ).FEV1 and FEV1 /FVC of the observation group after treatment were (2.19 ±0.29)L and (69.27 ±0.59)%,which were higher than those of the control group A,B and C after treatment,and each groupafter treatment was higher than that before treatment,the differences were statistically significant (t =12.68,13.10,12.41,9.89,10.63,11.29,all P <0.05). Comparison of adverse reactions in each group,the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =1.38,P >0.05). Conclusion It has good clinical curative effect on budesonide combined with ipratropium bromide for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients,which can significantly improve the pulmona-ry function of patients,shorten recovery time,and has high security.It is worthy of clinical application.

Objective To investigate the relationship between tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in ischemic brain tissue and bran edema after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.Methods Eighty four male SD rats were randomly assigned to either a cerebral ischemia reperfusion group (n =44) or a sham-operation group (n =40). A model of middle cerebral artery occlusion for 120 minutes followed by reperfusion was induced in rats using the suture method. The infarct size was determined by 2, 3, 5-triphenyi terazoloride (TTC) staining at 6 h,24 h, 3 d, and 7 d respectively after the reperfusion. Dry-wet weight method was used to measure brain water content and evaluate the extent of brain edema. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentration of TNF-α in ischemic brain tissue. Results TNF-α level in ischemic brain tissue was increased at 6 h (445.8 ±91.7 pg/ml) after the reperfusion, and reached the peak at day 3 (715.5 ±121.3 pg/ml). There were significant differences compared to the sham-operation group and other time points (all P＜0.001). After that, it was decreased gradually, but it was still higher than that in the shamoperation group at day 7 (478.1 ± 145.5 pg/ml vs. 148.5 ± 101.7 pg/ml, P＜0.005). The initial change of the water content in brain tissue lagged behind the increased TNF-α. It did not increase significantly until 24 h after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (P ＜0.001). It reached the peak at day 3 (P ＜0.001), and it was still higher than that in the control group at day 7 (P ＜0.05). The evolution of cerebral infarct volume was in accordance with the changes of TNF-α level. Conclusions TNF-α is associated with the changes of brain edema and infarct volume,and it is harmful to brain tissue.

A novel HPLC-CAD method coupled with on-line solid phase extraction ( SPE ) for the determination of erythrocin which was widely used in livestock farming was developed. After mixed with diatomite, 5. 0 g manure sample was put into the cell and extracted with hot water at 70℃ and 10. 3 MPa. An on-line SPE methodology was applied to pre-treat the sample, and the sample was seperated on an Acclaim 120 C18 column and analyzed by corona CAD detector using acetonitrile and 0. 1% formic acid as mobile phase. Good linearity for erythrocin was obtained in the range of 21-2000 μg/kg. The detection limit was 6. 3 μg/kg. The average recoveries were 79. 2%-87. 5%.

Objective To clone E-cadherin and N-cadherin promoters and insert them into a luciferase reporter gene vector, and to characterize the promoter activity of E-cadherin and N-cadherin.Methods E-cadherin and N-cadherin pro-moter were cloned into pGL 4-basic.The resulting plasmids were determined by DNA sequencing .The promoter activity was analyzed in breast cancer cell line ZR 75-1 and hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG 2.Results DNA sequencing showed that the sequences of the cloned promoter regions were correct .Analysis of the reporter gene activity indicated that the E-cad-herin and N-cadherin promoters had the highest transcriptional activity in ZR 75-1 and HepG2 cells.Conclusion The E-cadherin and N-cadherin promoter genes are cloned successfully , contributing much to screening transcription factors that regulate E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression .

Objective To observe whether hydrogen sulfide modulates adipocytes to secrete adiponectin.Methods Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into normal diet group (n =8),high-fat diet group (n =8),high-fat + cysteine group (n =8),and high-fat + propargylglycine (cystathionine-γ-lyase inhibitor) group (n =8).The fatty liver animal model was established using the high fat diet; meanwhile,L-cysteine was applied to the animals to produce endogenous hydrogen sulfide and propargylglycine to inhibit the production of endogenous hydrogen sulfide.Fatty degeneration of the hver of animals and plasma within the adiponectin concentration was observed after 8 weeks.The omental adipose tissues were excluded and digested using collagenase Ⅰ to isolate fat cells.Sodium hydrosulfide and propargylglycine was applied to stimulate the cells in vitro for 7 days before the detection of the cell supernatant adiponectin content.Results Liver steatosis was established after highfat diet for eight weeks.Steatosis was significantly extenuated after the application of L-cysteine and aggravated by propargylglycine.Plasma hydrogen sulfide and adiponectin levels in fat diet group animals were (21.13 ± 7.06) mmol/L and (3.16 ± 1.15) mg/L respectively,which significantly decreased when compared with the normal diet group with the levels of hydrogen sulfide (29.13 ± 13.06) mmol/L and adiponectin (8.98 ± 2.84) mg/L (P=0.0229,P=0.0062).Hydrogen sulfide [(35.47 ±9.04) mmol/L] and adiponectin [(6.54 ± 1.38) mg/L] levels in the high fat + cysteine group significantly increased (P =0.0032,P =0.0131).However,hydrogen sulfide [(16.65 ±8.79) mmol/L] and adiponectin [(2.50±0.91) mg/L] in high fat + propargylglycine group were significantly decreased (P =0.0191,P =0.0021).Hydrogen sulfide was not significantly differem in the supematam of adipocyte isolated from normal diet group [(26.77 ± 12.65) mmol/L] and from high-fat diet group [(28.76 ±9.09) mmol/L] (P =0.0927),but that in the sodium hydrosulfide and propargylglycine ceils supematants significandy either increased or decreased (P =0.0000,P =0.0000).Adiponectin in the supematants of high-fat diet group and normal diet group adipocyte showed no significant difference [(4.21 ± 1.61) mg/L vs (4.49 ± 1.09) mg/L,P =0.1076)].The levels of adiponectin in sodium hydrosulfide and propargylglycine cell supernatants increased and decreased respectively than that in higher fat diet group cells [(5.77 ±0.86) mg/L vs (4.21 ±1.61) mg/L,P =0.0094; (3.01 ±1.26) mg/L vs (4.21 ± 1.61) mg/L,P =0.0108].Conclusion Hydrogen sulfide promotes adipocytes to secrete adiponectin.

Objective To explore the interaction between warfarin and antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine.Methods A 78-year-old woman suffered from warfarin resistance after initial warfarin dosing for several days.Based on her medication review,clinical pharmacist found that the warfarin resistance resulted from co-administered carbamazepine.Her warfarin dosage was increased,and the international normalized ratio (INR) increased to the target range.Another woman had been taking warfarin therapy for long time with a stable maintenance dose.She consulted clinical pharmacist for the influence of co-administered oxcarbazepine on warfarin.The patient was advised to maintain the dose and monitor her INR more closely.Her INR did not fluctuate.Results Carbamazepine induced warfarin metabolism.As a result,the patient needed increased dosage of warfarin to maintain the INR in the therapeutic target range.Oxcarbazepine does not induce liver enzymes,and therefore the INR did not fluctuate.Conclusion Carbamazepine may reduce the efficacy of warfarin.Oxcarbazepine offers a clinical advantage over carbamazepine,especially when co-administration of warfarin is required.

Objective To study a kind of video transformation algorithm based on FPGA in view of the present situation that the video output of X-ray equipment can not be connected to common video adapter.Methods Through the control of non-standard video signal AD sampling data read-write succession in FIFO,800 digital sampling data was output(output resolution:800?600,refresh rate:60Hz)in the period of every line of effective signal.The output module combined these data with line and field synchronized signal and transform them into standard VGA signal.Results Non-standard medical video signal could be transformed into standard medical video signal by using VHDL in normal FPGA.Conclusion The speed of this algorithm is high,and the transformation effect is clear and smooth.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of MSCT with multi-planar reconstruction(MPR)and maximum intensity projection(MIP)in diagnosis of spinal burst fracture.Methods 45 patients(53 vertebras)with vertebral burst fracture were examined by MSCT and processed with MPR and MIP.The imaging features were analyzed comparatively.Results The axial images clearly demonstrated the vertebral body vertically or transversely burst crack in 49 vertebras(92.5%),bony fragment inserted into the spinal canal and stenosis of spinal canal in 34 vertebras(64.2%).The sagittal images showed kyphosis in 28 vertebras(62.2%).The sagittal and coronal images showed decreased height of the vertebral body in 37 vertebras(69.8%)and depressed fracture of vertebral end plate in 19 vertebras(35.8%).Total 44 fractures were located at spinal appendix,39 were showed by axial images,35 by sagittal images and 33 by coronal images.MIP displayed the space changes of bone structures in all cases and rotary dislocation fracture in 6 cases(11.3%).Conclusion MPR and MIP are of significant values in diagnosis and clinical treatment of spinal burst fracture.