Hexavalent chromium[Cr(VI)] is a well-know environmental toxicant which can cause many types of DNA damage. However Cr(VI) does not react directly with DNA itself, it penetrates the cell membrane through the nonspecific phosphate/sulphate anion channel and undergoes a reductive metabolism to a series of lower oxidation state including quinquevalent chromium[Cr(V)], quadrivalent chromium[Cr(IV)] and trivalent chromium[Cr(III)]. Cr(III) can form variety of Cr-DNA adducts; moreover oxidative Cr(V) and free radicals generated during the reduction cause DNA oxidative damage. The process of how Cr(VI) induce DNA damage after entered the cells and types of DNA lesions were briefly reviewed in the present article.

Objective To study the expression of placenta growth factor(PLGF) and IL-6 in placentas with different gestational period.Methods Immunohistochemistry method was used to examine the expression of PLGF and IL-6 in placentas of different normal gestational periods and aging placentas.Results The positive expression rates of IL-6 in the first,second and third trimester of pregnancy were 60.0%(6/10),50/O%(3/6),42.9%(6/14)and 88.9%(8/9),and the positive expression rates of PLGF were 60.0%(6/10),100.O%(6/6),100.O%(14/14)and 55.6%(5/9) respectively.PLGF expression intensity was significantly different among the third trimester of pregnancy placentas,the first trimester of pregnancy placentas (X2=18.89) and the aging placentas (X2=20.42)(P<0.01 for each).IL-6 was significantly different between aging placentas and third trimester of pregnancy placentas(X2=9.47,P<0.05).No statistical significance were found on expression of IL-6 and PLGF among the three trimesters and aging groups (X2=0.625,0,0 and 1.41,respectively,P>0.05).Conclusions The decreasing expression of PLGF in aging placenta tissue illustrates that the PLGF synthesis and secretion is decreased by trophoblast cells but IL-6 expression is remarkably increased,which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of placental senescence.

Based on the current situation of legislation on new clinical technologies management in China,the paper analyzes the legal absence or defect on management of new clinical technologies on such aspects as management category,informed consent,time limit,and risk taking,explores the necessity and urgency tO further improve,refine and standardize the management of new technologies,emphasizes that particular attention should be paid to the whole course quality control and link quality management, and appeals for special legislation on the management of new technologies.

The rapid development of immunotherapy has exceeded that of standard treatment modes, which include surgery, radio-therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Immunotherapy is more durable and less toxic than traditional cancer therapies. More-over, immune checkpoint therapy is an important component of immunotherapy and has been evaluated in preclinical and clinical tri-als and proven to exhibit broad prospects. However, its clinical benefits are limited to a small subset of patients with a subset of tumor types. Therefore, reasonable comprehensive therapeutic strategies are needed to overcome this limitation. Gene targeted therapy, ra-diotherapy, chemotherapy, and tumor vaccine affect the immune system through different mechanisms, and these could provide theo-retical bases for comprehensive treatments. In this review, immune checkpoint therapy and its potential comprehensive therapies with other cancer treatments are introduced.

This study systematically reviewed and analyzed Gentianae Szechenyii Flos((),Pangyen karpo) based on herbalism and phytotaxonomy in both ancient and modern literature.After the textual research,it was found that Pangyen of Dunhuang Tibetan medical literature was in conformity with Gentianae Szechenyii Flos recorded in Moon King and Four Tantras,for the treatment of hoarseness and some lung diseases (e.g.cough).Gentiana szechenyii Kanitz and G.algida Pall.(including var.algida and var.purdomii T.N.Ho) are the two original plants of Gentianae Szechenyii Flos,and the former has been recognized as the mainstream variety so far.This paper simultaneously pointed out some misunderstanding and confusion or contextual error in the standard for Tibetan medicine and treatises on it combining with field work and market investigation,to confirm that Pangyen was in line with Gentianae Szechenyii Flos.This study provided a reference of original plant for the safe medication and the modernization of the Tibetan medicine preparation.

Objective To study the effect of microecologic modulator combined with antibiotic in treatment of infantile diarrhea.Methods 150 children with diarrhea in our hospital were selected as the research subjects,they were randomly divided into observation group and control group,75 cases in each group.The observation group used tyrosine aureus triple viable bacterial combined with amoxicillin therapy,the control group received lactasinum biofermin, vitamin for oral treatment.The curative effect,clinical symptoms and inflammatory factors TNF -ɑ,IL -6,IL -10 changes after treatment for 2 months were compared in the two groups.Results The vomiting,fever,abdominal pain relief time and length of hospital stay in the observation group were (5.12 ±0.52)d,(1.52 ±0.33)d,(1.32 ± 0.41)d,(4.73 ±0.55)d,(5.95 ±0.52)d respectively,which of the control group were (10.33 ±0.64)d,(2.62 ± 0.47)d,(2.21 ±0.32)d,(10.06 ±1.67)d,(11.05 ±1.42)d respectively,which of the observation group were significantly shorter than the control group.The effective rate of the observation group was 97.33% (73 /75),which of the control group was 84.00% (63 /75),the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(χ2 =8.324,P <0.05).Before treatment,the TNF -ɑ,IL -6,IL -10 levels had no obvious differences between the two groups,after treatment,those in the observation group were (2.08 ±0.24)ng/mL,(94.67 ±10.75)ng/mL,(7.58 ± 0.88)ng/mL respectively,those in the control group were (2.88 ±0.37)ng/mL,(128.55 ±17.53)ng/mL,(40.55 ± 1.12)ng/mL respectively,and the levels of the observation group were better than the control group,the differences were statistically significant (t =6.327,5.694,4.156,all P <0.05 ).Conclusion Microecologic modulator combined with antibiotic in treatment of infantile diarrhea can significantly shorten the recovery time of clinical symptoms,reduce inflammation,improve the treatment effect,it is worthy of clinical popularization and application.

Objective To investigate the effects of ABO blood group factors on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients.Methods One hundred twenty patients, aged 65-75 yr, with body mass index of 17-26 kg/m2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ , scheduled for elective thoracic surgery, were divided into 4 groups (n =30 each) according to the blood group: blood group A group (group A), blood group B group (group B), blood group O group (group O) and blood group AB group (group AB).Combined general-epidural anesthesia was used during surgery, patient-controlled epidural analgesia was performed after surgery, and visual analogue scale score was maintained ≤4.Before surgery (T0), and at 6, 24 and 72 h after surgery (T1-3), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess the cognitive function, and the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) was recorded.Blood samples were drawn from the central vein at T0-3 for determination of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100β protein concentrations in serum.Results Compared with the values at T0, MMSE scores were significantly decreased, and serum NSE and S-100β concentrations were increased at T1-3 in A, B and AB groups, and at T1 and T2 in group O (P＜0.05).Compared with group A, MMSE scores were significantly increased, and serum NSE and S-100β concentrations were decreased at T1-3 in B, AB and O groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group O, MMSE scores were significantly decreased, and serum NSE and S-100β concentrations were increased at T1.3 in B and AB groups (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in MMSE scores and serum NSE and S-100β concentrations at T1-3 between group B and group AB (P＞0.05).The incidence of POCD from the high to the low was group A, group AB, group B, and group O in turn (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion ABO blood group factors affect postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients, elderly patients of blood group A are found to be prone to develop POCD, and the incidence of POCD is relatively low for elderly patients of blood group O.

SUMMARY Breastfeeding has been recognized as the most natural and nutritious way of feeding babies . Besides the nutritional , immunological and emotional benefits , breastfeeding promotes a healthy stomatog-nathic system .First of all, the nutrients and minerals in maternal milk are easy to be absorbed by the infants, which contributes to the mineralization of the teeth , and suppress the propagation of bacteria on the teeth.Though the jury is still out on whether breastfeeding can prevent Early Childhood Caries (ECC), it is definite that we should pay attention to feeding at night and the oral hygiene of the babies . Secondly , the method of feeding is closely bound up with the development of dentition and jaw .Breast-and bottle-feeding involve different orofacial muscles , which possibly have different effects on the harmo-nic growth of maxilla and dental arches .Meanwhile , breathing , swallowing and mastication should be developing in harmony , and differences exist in the learning of the coordinated movement between breast feeding and bottle feeding children .Bottle feeding had been proved to be closely related with the non-nutritive sucking habits which can cause malocclusion .At last, it should be pointed out that breast fee-ding should be the only feeding source in the first 6 months of life, then supplementary foods should be added .And prolonged bottle feeding should be avoided .We can see that breast feeding is definitely good for the infants , but the reality is not optimistic in our country .

Objective To understand the professional distribution of different mental illness,to explore the relationship between mental illness and professional distribution for mental illness early prevention,early intervention and rehabilitation therapy.Methods From January 1,2003 to December 31,2007,mental illness patients'clinical data of psychiatric hospital in Taiyuan city area and psychiatric residency in Taiyuan city hospital were retrospectively analyzed.This paper reviewed diagnosis by a psychiatrist unified training according to the international statistical clas-sification of diseases and related health problems(ICD -10)mental and behavior disorders diagnostic point of classifi-cation standards to ensure that the total effective medical record information collected 16 495 cases(group);17 039 114 cases of control group in the same period of Taiyuan and Taiyuan city public security bureau to provide permanent population statistics data.SPSS 13.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the two data.Results Prevalence of mental illness during he occupation of the population of 0.968%,the average age of 38.11 years,and students around the age of 18 retirees,in the 65 years and other occupations in 30 to 40 years old,these were three good age stages of mental illness,the age of the unemployed(including the unemployed,the unemployed and the unemployed)preva-lence was highest,accounting for 4.223%.Workers and farmers followed,business,service providers and students prevalence was lower.In the case group and control group cadres was statistically significant difference in proportion of occupational composition(U =2.67,P <0.01),there was not statistically significant difference in retirees (U =1.14, P >1.14);Workers(U =52.20,P <52.20),farmers(U =15.25,P <15.25 ),unemployed (U =106.16,P <0.001),the case group was significantly higher than the control group,the difference was statistically significant;Pro-fessional and technical personnel(U =13.97,P <0.001 ),business services personnel(U =30.39,P <30.39), student(U =62.94,P <62.94),and other professional(U =23.88,P <0.001)cases constitute a significantly lower than the control group,the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion The mental illness and the profession have certain relevance,different careers or age prevalence and kinds of disease have obvious difference.

Transsexuals are specific humans who abandon their traditionally functional reproduction.However they may wish to have a child in the new-gender identity.At present in China,assisted reproductive technology(ART) should be limited to those female-to-male transsexuals with a female partner.The assisted reproductive institutions should keep the information for transsexuals confidential in the whole treatment procedure.In some cases,we could appeal to the ART ethics committee for support.Before sex reassignment surgery(SRS),the candidate transsexuals could preserve their fertility by cryo-storing germ cells,tissues and organs for future reproductive usage.