SUMMARY Breastfeeding has been recognized as the most natural and nutritious way of feeding babies . Besides the nutritional , immunological and emotional benefits , breastfeeding promotes a healthy stomatog-nathic system .First of all, the nutrients and minerals in maternal milk are easy to be absorbed by the infants, which contributes to the mineralization of the teeth , and suppress the propagation of bacteria on the teeth.Though the jury is still out on whether breastfeeding can prevent Early Childhood Caries (ECC), it is definite that we should pay attention to feeding at night and the oral hygiene of the babies . Secondly , the method of feeding is closely bound up with the development of dentition and jaw .Breast-and bottle-feeding involve different orofacial muscles , which possibly have different effects on the harmo-nic growth of maxilla and dental arches .Meanwhile , breathing , swallowing and mastication should be developing in harmony , and differences exist in the learning of the coordinated movement between breast feeding and bottle feeding children .Bottle feeding had been proved to be closely related with the non-nutritive sucking habits which can cause malocclusion .At last, it should be pointed out that breast fee-ding should be the only feeding source in the first 6 months of life, then supplementary foods should be added .And prolonged bottle feeding should be avoided .We can see that breast feeding is definitely good for the infants , but the reality is not optimistic in our country .

Objective:To compare the caries removal efficiency of Carisolv with that of drilling in deciduous teeth.Methods:Thirty-two children,aged from 6 to 9 years,with symmetric coronal medium or deep caries in deciduous teeth,were involved in the clinical study.According to a split-mouth design,in each patient,caries tissue was removed by using a round bur on one side,and Carisolv on the other side.After caries removal,the teeth were restored with composite resin.Patients were asked to fill in a postoperative questionnaire,including patient acceptance of technique preference.6 months after operation the restorations were checked.Results:The time(min) for Carisolv caries removal and for drilling method were 4.33?1.25 and 2.58?0.82 respectively(P0.05).Conclusion:Carisolv is a time-consuming technique,but the majority of patients accepte Carisolv because of less pain.Carisolv may have no effect on the incidence of marginal microleakage and secondary caries.

Objective:To translate the English version of Edmonton Frail Scale into Chinese version and to test its reliability and validity.Methods:The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the English version of Edmonton Frail Scale were generated by Beaton's translation and back-translation method. From April to August of 2019, at the department of geratology of the First affiliated Hospital of China Medical University in Shenyang, a sample of 303 hospitalized elderly adults who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected via convenience sampling method to test its psychometric properties.Results:The scale level content validity index and item level content validity index of the Chinese version of the Edmonton Frail Scale were both 1.0. The criterion validity between the Chinese version of Edmonton Frail Scale and the Tilburg Frailty Indicator was 0.723 ( P<0.01), confirmed by Pearson correlation coefficients. Using the Tilburg Frailty Indicator as an external criterion, the Edmonton Frail Scale showed satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for frailty (area under the curve=0.924). The optimal cut-point for frailty was 6 (sensitivity: 77.6%, specificity: 94.7%). More frail individuals were recognized by the Chinese version of Edmonton Frail Scale among older and female participants than their counterparts( P<0.05). The Cronbach'α of the Chinese version of Edmonton Frail Scale was 0.599, the test-retest reliability within a 7-day interval of the scale was 0.822. Conclusions:The Chinese version of Edmonton Frail Scale presents good validity and reliability and can apply to Chinese hospitalized elderly people.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of TNF-? on osteoclast differentiation in primary murine bone marrow cell culture with and without RANKL. Methods: M-CSF-dependent bone marrow cells were isolated from 5-6 weeks old mice, and cultured in the presence of M-CSF (25 ?g/L) with different concentrations of TNF-? (0, 1, 10, 100 ?g/L) for 5 days, the formation of TRAP(+) multinucleated cells was observed. These cells were also cultured in the presence of both RANKL (30 ?g/L) and M-CSF (25 ?g/L) with or without 10 ?g/L TNF-? for 4, 5, 6 and 9 days. The number of TRAP(+) multinucleated cells and resorption pits on dentine slices were counted under light microscope. Results: In the absence of RANKL, TNF-? was unable to induce osteoclast formation from murine bone marrow precursors. In the presence of RANKL, TNF-? augmented osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, and this effect occurred only on the early stage. Conclusion: TNF-? enhances RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and function, but can’t substitute for RANKL. TNF-? stimulates osteoclast differentiation, but not survival.

Objective: To explore suitable concentration of recombinant human transforming growth factor β1 (rhTGF-β1) usage and study the effect of rhTGF-β1 on differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).Methods: DPSCs were isolated from the undiseased third molars of people aged 18-25 years and cultured according to instructions in vitro.Different concentrations (1 , 6 , 10 μg/L) of rhTGF-β1 were added to the culture medium to examine DPSCs proliferation by CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assay.The suitable concentration was then selected.For differentiation, the DPSCs were incubated for 7 or 14 days with rhTGF-β1 supplemented with osteo/odontoblastic induction medium containing 10 nmol/L dexamethasone, 10 mmol/L b-glycerophosphate, 50 g/L ascorbate phosphate, 10 nmol/L 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 10% fetal bovine serum.The cells were then washed 3 times with phosphate-buffered saline and sonicated with 1%Triton X-100 for 30 minutes on ice.Cellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assayed with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate.The enzyme activity was expressed as p-nitrophenyl produced per milligram of protein [bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit].To examine mineral nodule formation, the cultured cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and washed in water, and the mineralization of the extracellular matrix was assayed by 1% alizarin red S staining and elution of staining was examined as optical density (D) under microplate reader.The mean difference was considered significant at 0.05 and 95% confidence interval.Results: The DPSCs had ty-pical fibroblast morphology and could form mineral nodules after being cultured with osteo/odontoblstic induction medium for 14 days.6 μg/L rhTGF-β1 significantly promoted the DPSCs proliferation on the 3rd and 5th days.After the incubation of osteo/odontoblastic induction medium, the DPSCs with the 6 μg/L rhTGF-β1 increased ALP activities compared with the control;D values in the 6 μg/L rhTGF-β1 group was 0.31±0.03, while the control group was 0.02±0.01(P<0.05).The total protein content in the 6 μg/L rhTGF-β1 group was (2 775.46±83.54) mg/L, and the control group was (1 432.20±110.83) mg/L (P<0.05).To eliminate the cells proliferation influence, relative ALP activities, which was defined as the total ALP divided by the total protein content, the 6μg/L rhTGF-β1 group was 6 times higher than the control group.Alizarin red S staining showed increased mineral nodule formation in the rhTGF-β1 group.The elution of staining under microplate reader also showed more optical density in the 6 μg/L rhTGF-β1-treated cells (0.83±0.02) than that in the control groups (0.55±0.05, P<0.05).Conclusion: 6 μg/L rhTGF-β1 could significantly promote DPSCs proliferation and odontoblastic differentiation in vitro.

Objective:To find out whether the dentin formation of hypophosphatasia children is affec-ted;to study the biological difference of cultured human dental pulp cells from deciduous teeth between hypophosphatasia and normal healthy children.Methods: Anterior deciduous teeth were collected from hypophosphatasia(experiment group)and normal healthy children(control group)respectively.Grounding sections of the affected and healthy deciduous teeth were made to observe their roots;the den-tal pulp cells were separated and cultured.The characteristics of cell proliferation,differentiation and calcification were studied and compared between the two groups of children.MTT assay was performed to study the growth curves of the cells;RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase(TNSALP)at different stages;von Kosssa staining was used to test formed calcification nodules after 3 weeks of induction.Results: From the grounding sections,the root surface of the experiment group was not smooth with absorbed areas,cementum was absent.For proliferation activity and the expression of TNSALP,the dental pulp cells from experiment group was obviously lower than control group.Calcified nodules could be seen in both groups,but the nodules were less and the sizes were smaller in experiment group than in control group.Conclusion: In hypophosphatasia patients,not only the cementum but also the dentin were affected.The proliferation,TNSALP expression and calcification capability of the dental pulp cells were influenced in hypophosphatasia patients,and this may be related to the tooth calcification defect.

Objective:To explore the factors influencing colonization of Mutans streptococci (MS) on teeth of children.Methods:Dental colonization of MS was investigated in 123 children aged from 7 to 42 months in Beijing. Oral examination was performed. Information of nursing habits, diet history etc. was obtained from parent questionnaires.Results:Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of erupted teeth and the intake of sugar-containing food were positively related with MS colonization, their WALD values were 17.411(P=0.000) and 5.637(P=0.018) respectively,OR values were 3.287 and 2.739 respectively.Conclusion:The main factors influencing the colonization of MS were the number of erupted teeth and the intake of sugar-containing food.

Objective To investigate the correlation of long term aspirin treatment and cerebral microbleeds(CMBs)incidence in non-hypertensive patients.Methods 56 non-hypertensive patients (the average age of 64.88±6.99)with long term aspirin adminis-tration (100 mg/d)were enrolled in the study from 2005 to 2010 in our hospital,with follow up to compare CMBs 5-10 years later. All patients underwent T2 WI,T1 WI,diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI).The CMBs lesions were defined by senior radiologists.Patients’age,gender,total cholesterol level,aspirin,CMBs and CMBs location were taken into account in data analysis.Results CMBs incidence was 14.3% in all participants,lesions were located mostly in lobes.Aged,male and low total cholesterol level were the risk factors of CMBs (P<0.05).Patients with CMBs were more likely to suffer from acute cere-bral infarction (P<0.05).Two of 56 patients with new CMBs lesions located in lobar and mixed location respectively only.Conclusion Long term aspirin administration does not increase the risk of CMBs in non-hypertensive patients(P>0.05),the potential adverse effect of aspirin needs further investigation.

Objective:To investigate the marginal microleakage after cavity preparation by Er:YAG la-ser and conventional bur applying different adhesive systems , conditioning surface with acid etching or not.Methods:In the study, 50 primary teeth were divided into 5 groups.(1) Bur+etch-and-rinse sys-tem, (2) Bur+self-etching system, (3) Er:YAG laser+etch-and-rinse system, (4) Er:YAG laser+self-etching system, (5) Er:YAG laser+none-etched.The class V cavities were all filled with composite resin.The microleakage tests were performed , observed and scored under stereomicroscope .Results:Bur+etch-and-rinse group had higher microleakage than Er:YAG laser +etch-and-rinse group , and Bur+self-etching group had higher microleakage than Er:YAG laser +self-etching group ( P<0 .05 ) . There was no difference between Er:YAG laser+etch-and-rinse group and Er:YAG laser+self-etching group, while they had significantly lower microleakage than that of Er:YAG+none-etched group.Con-clusion:Composite resin restoration showed less marginal microleakage when all-in-one self-etch system was used after irradiation by Er:YAG laser on primary teeth .

Objective To understand psychological pressure of nurses in wards of retired cadres,eatablish incentive mechanism accordingly and further improve nursing quality. Methods Incentive mechanism was applied to nurses in wards of retired cadres to settle their psychological pressure. Results After application of incentive mechanism,14 nurses and 1 nursing worker showed placid psychological state,keep forging ahead actively.Nursing quality of the wards increased. Conclusion Application of incentive mechanism can effectively alleviate psychological pressure of nurses.