Objective To perform a hygienic assessment of the three-chamber septic tanks and analyze the efficiency of non- hazardous treatment of feces and the impact on the environment, so as to provide the reference for the three-chamber septic tanks improvement test. Methods From September 2007 to January 2008, the 20 latrines of residents and the three-chamber septic tanks were selected by simple random sampling method from A village of A town , Chongqing , as the investigation point,with suitable economic conditions,the status of the latrines with three-chamber septic tanks were surveyed, and the hygienic and environmental indicators of the third chamber feces samples were detected. Results After the implementation of the three-chamber septic tanks, the rural ecological environment was improved. The samples test showed that pH value was basically in the range of 8-9, the qualified rate was 85%, as for the other indicators, the qualified rates were generally lower. The qualified rate of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen was only 5% , five-day biochemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus was 10% , SS and the color was 15% , fecal coliform value of the samples were not qualified. Conclusion The management of the three-chamber septic tanks needs to be improved. If the liquid dung of septic tanks was directly discharged, it will cause secondary environmental pollution.So it should be deeply treated.

Objective To investigate the effect of L-carnitine combined with psychological intervention on nutritional status and inflammatory status in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Methods 75 cases of maintenance hemodialysis patients treated in our hospital from September 2016 to December 2016 were randomly divided into control group(n=37) and study group(n=38)by single and double number method (hospital visit order). The control group in the hemodialysis treatment combined with Levocarnitine; the study group in the use of L-carnitine combined with psychological intervention. Results There were no significant differences in ALB, Hb, BMI, IL-6 and CRP between the two groups before treatment. After the corresponding treatment, the improvement of ALB, Hb, BMI, IL-6, CRP and other inflammatory indexes and nutritional indexes in the study group were better than those in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion The application of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients combined with psychological intervention can significantly improve the body's Micro inflammatory status and nutrition indicators, has positive significance to protect the patients' quality of life and physical and mental health.

Objective To evaluate effects of three modalities with intravenous immrnoglobulin(IVIG) infusion in the treatment of Kawasaki disease(KD). Methods 76 KD cases were treated by the IVIG in the Deparment of Pediatric of Kaiping Central Hospital from 1998 to 2004.The three modalities were as follows: four days treatment(0.4 g/kg,for four days continuance),two days treatment(1 g/kg,for two days continuance),one day treatment(2 g/kg,for one day).Results(1) In treatment of fever,conjunctiva congest and mouth change,and recover in white blood cell and erythrocyte sedimentation,one day treatment and two days treatment had better curative effects with significantly difference(P0.05).(3)In the prevention of coronary artery dilate(CAD),one day treatment and two days treatment had better curative effects significantly difference(P

To study the bioequivalence of a kind of progesterone sustained release suppository, a randomized cross-over study was conducted in 12 rabbits. A single rectal dose of 2.75 mg/kg progesterone sustained released suppository (tested formulation, T) and progesterone suppository (reference formulation, R) was administered; a multiple dose of 2.75 mg/kg was given up to seven times with an interval of 8 h. Concentrations in serum were determined by a competitive enzyme immunoassay. The main parameters of T were: for single and multiple doses, Cmax was 48.8 +/- 11.8 ng/mL and 43.5 +/- 9.4 ng/mL, Tmax was 0.5 +/- 0.3 h and 0.4 +/- 0.3 h, AUC(0-24 h) was 362.4 +/- 143 ng x h x mL(-1) and 310.6 +/- 70.3 ng x h x mL(-1), respectively. The relative bioavailability of T to R were (104.2 +/- 13.4)% and (111.4 +/- 19.1)%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the two formulations were bioequivalent and T had sustained released feature.
Administration, Rectal ; Biological Availability ; Cross-Over Studies ; Progesterone/administration & dosage ; Progesterone/*pharmacokinetics ; Random Allocation ; Suppositories

Objective To compare the efficacy of open microwave ablation and repeat hepatectomy for recurrent small hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 75 patients with recurrent small HCC who were admitted to our hospital from January 2007 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.34 received microwave ablation (MWA group) and 41 received repeat hepatectomy (hepatectomy group).The perioperative condition,liver function recovery,the variation of AFP level,mobidities,hospitalization time and overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate were compared.Results The rate of complete elimination to tumor tissue was 100％ and the AFP levels returned to normal within 3 months in both groups.The mean average operation time in MWA group was shorter than that in hepatectomy group [(91 ±33) min vs (156 ±51) min,t =-6.399 5,P =0.000].The blood loss in MWA group was smaller than that in hepatectomy group [(87 ±62) ml vs (254 ± 134) ml,t =-6.691 5,P =0.000].Patients in PFRA group had a shorter hospital stay [(7.5 ± 2.2) d vs (11.3 ± 2.7) d,t =-6.588 8,P =0.000].The mobidities of the MWA group and hepateetomy group were 2.9％ (1/34) and 22.0％ (9/41),respectively (x2 =5.812 7,P =0.016).The overall survive rate of 1,3 and 5-year were 88.1％,68.8％ and 46.1％ in the MWA group,and 86.1％,71.5％ and 50.2％ in the hepatectomy group (x2 =0.16,P =0.692).The disease free survival rate of 1,3 and 5-year were 67.1％,38.2％ and 16.1％ in the MWA group,and 64.4％,45.5％ and 23.6％ in the hepatectomy group (x2 =0.03,P =0.870).Conclusions MWA can achieve survival benefits equivalent to hepatectomy for recurrent small HCC,and it is less traumatic.

Objective To evaluate diagnostic value of head upright tilt testing (HUTT) on orthostatic hypotension (OH) in patients with senile hypertension,and explore its efficacy and safety.Methods One hundred and sixty-six patients with senile hypertension were selected,and the patients were divided into 2 groups according to HUTT:experiment group (completed HUTT,86 cases) and control group (unfinished HUTT,80 cases).The blood pressure change was observed.The detection rate of OH and incidence of unexpected event were compared between 2 groups.Results The detection rate of OH in experiment group was 31.4％ (27/86),in control group was 17.5％ (14/80),and there was statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of unexpected event in experiment group was 0,in control group was 6.2％ (5/80),including 3 patients with dizziness amaurosis,unstable presyncope symptoms and fall,and 2 cases with syncope and sudden fall.There was statistical difference in incidence of unexpected event between 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The use of HUTT in patients with senile hypertension can significantly improve the detection rate of OH,but also significantly reduce the incidence of unexpected event.The method is safe,effective,worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To study the effect of rimonabant, cannabinoid receptor 1(CB1) antagonist, on the expressions of CB1 andα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in C57 mice with experimental hepatic fibrosis, and their mechanisms in liver fibrosis progression thereof. Methods Thirty C57 mice were randomly divided into three groups, normal control group, mod-el control group and model+rimonabant group, 10 mice for each group. The mouse model of experimental hepatic fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection with 10%CCl4 for two weeks. The normal saline was delivered by gavage daily in normal control group and model control group. Rimonabant was given to mice in model+rimonabant group. Mice were sacri-ficed at the end of eight weeks. Samples of liver tissue were collected. The expressions of CB1 andα-SMA in liver tissue of mice were observed by immunohistochemical staining. The score of fibrosis stage (S) in liver tissue was also analyzed. Re-sults The positive expressions of CB1 andα-SMA and the score S were significantly higher in model control group and model+rimonabant group than those in normal control group (P<0.05). The positive expressions of CB1 andα-SMA and the score S were significantly lower in rimonabant group than those in model control group (P<0.05). There were positive corre-lations in CB1,α-SMA and S scores between normal control group, model control group and model+rimonabant group (P<0.05). Conclusion The activation of CB1 can promote the formation of liver fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic effect of rimonabant, CB1 antagonist, related with the inhibiting of the proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), and the inhibit-ing of the expression of CB1.

Objective To investigate hepatic expressions and significances of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2(CB2) in C57 mice with experimental cirrhosis.Methods Thirty C57 mice were randomly divided into three groups,i.e.normal control group,model control group and model colchicine group.Hepatic fibrosis model was prepared by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride.The expressions of CB1 and CB2 in liver tissue of mice were observed by immunohistochemistry.The scores of inflammation grade (G) and fibrosis stage (S) were simultaneously performed.Results The scores of G and S in model control group and model colchicine group were significantly higher than those in normal control group( F =125.41,P =0.00; F =99.18,P =0.00).The scores of G and S in model control group were significantly higher than those in model colchicine group(P ＜0.01 ).The scores of CB1 and CB2 expressions in model control group and model colchicine group were significantly higher than those in normal control group ( F =29.27,P =0.00; F =36.99,P =0.00).The scores of CB1 and CB2 in model control group were significantly higher than those in model colchicine group( P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ).There were significant relationships among scores of CB1,CB2,G and S in model control group and model colchicine group(Ps ＜0.05).As the scores of G and S became higher,the expressions of CB1 and CB2 gradually became more intensive.Conclusion The hepatic expressions of CB1 and CB2 in C57 mice with experimental cirrhosis increased significantly and have significant relationship with the grades of liver tissue inflammation and fibrosis.

To study the bioequivalence of Clavulanate Potassium and Amoxicillin (1:7) dispersible tablets, a randomized cross-over study was conducted in 18 healthy volunteers. A single oral dose of 1,000 mg Clavulanate Potassium and Amoxicillin (1:7) dispersible tablets (Tested formulation, T) or Augmentin syrup (Reference formulation, R). Concentrations in plasma were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. The main parameters of T were: for Clavulanate Potassium and Amoxicillin, Cmax: 2.46 +/- 1.11 micrograms/ml and 18.81 +/- 7.26 micrograms/ml, Tmax: 1.12 +/- 0.23 h and 1.30 +/- 0.34 h, AUC(0-6 h): 5.18 +/- 2.24 micrograms.h/ml and 45.09 +/- 14.53 micrograms.h/ml, t1/2: 1.43 +/- 0.44 h and 1.09 +/- 0.22 h., respectively. The relative bioavailability of T to R were 96.5 +/- 19.2% and 98.4 +/- 26.1%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the two formulations were bioequivalent.
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/*pharmacokinetics ; Drug Therapy, Combination/*pharmacokinetics ; Tablets ; Therapeutic Equivalency

Objective To understand the Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution in the working areas of Yangtze River hy?drologic agencies located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2016,so as to provide the evidence for assess?ing the risk of schistosome infection of hydrological workers and establishing the control strategies. Methods The suspicious en?vironments with O. hupensis snails in the above working areas were selected as study areas,and the snail situation was surveyed by the system sampling method combined with the environmental sampling method. The survey data were collected and analyzed statistically. Results Totally 19 working areas from 17 hydrological agencies were selected as the investigation sites,among which,10 working areas from 9 agencies were found with O. hupensis snail distribution. The constituent ratio of the areas with snails reached to 38.81%of the investigation areas,the occurrence rate of frames with snails was 3.08%,and the average densi?ty of living snails was 0.07/0.1 m2. By comparison,the average density of living snails and occurrence rate of frames with snails in hydrological agencies under the jurisdiction of the Middle Reaches Administrative Bureau were the most serious among three administrative bureaus of the Yangtze River Water Resources Commission. Conclusions There are various degrees of O. hupen?sis breeding in the working areas of hydrological agencies located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River ,and the hydrological workers are facing with the risk of schistosome infection.