From callus cultures of Stellera chamaejasme, 17 compounds were isolated. Based on their physical and chemical data and spectroscopic analysis, they were identified as syringaresinol (1), medioresinol (2), pinoresinol (3), (1R, 2S, 5R, 6S)- 2-(4- hydroxyphenyl)-6-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3, 7-dioxabicyclo [3, 3, 0] octane (4), epipinoresinol (5), caruilignan D (6), 3-oxo-guai-4-ene-11, 12-diol (7), (-) -lariciresinol (8), tetrahydro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]-3-furanmethanol (9), 5'-methoxylariciresinol (10), vladinol D (11), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val) (12), oxomatairesinol (13), (+) -guayarol (14); acutissimalignan B (15), isolariciresinol (16), and beta-sitosterol (17), respectively. Among these compounds, 12 was a cyclodipeptide, 7 was a sesquiterpene, and the others except 17 were lignans. All compounds were first isolated from callus cultures of S. chamaejasme.
Lignans ; analysis ; Thymelaeaceae ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo establish a rapid determination method of pinoresinol diglucoside in Eucommiae unloads by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS).

METHODForty-one samples of E. unloads were collected from three different producing areas and their main component, namely pinoresinol diglucoside, was determined by HPLC. Corresponding data of samples were collected from 12 000 to 4 000 cm(-1) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The spectral pretreatment was optimized by OPUS software and the calibration equations between the content of pinoresinol diglucoside and spectrum data were constructed by partial least squares regression.

RESULTAvailable information could be extracted from spectra in the range from 7 502 to 4 597.6 cm(-1) after corrected by applying second derivative transformation and subtract a linear correction. Cross validation was used to prevent over-fitting. Good correlation existed between pinoresinol diglucoside content and NIR spectra ( R2 = 0.926 4, SEC = 0.029 and SEP = 0.066 2).

CONCLUSIONNIRS calibration equations developed in this study could be applied to the rapid analysis of the pinoresinol diglucoside content.

Eucommiaceae ; chemistry ; Lignans ; analysis ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; methods ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo compare the content of six lignans of different parts of Schisandra chinensis.

METHODAgilent TC-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was used with acetonitrile-water gradient system as mobile phase. Wave length was 250 nm. The flow rate was 1 mL x min(-1). Column temperature was 30 degrees C.

RESULTThe total lignans content of wild Schisandra chinensis was higher than that of the cultivated varieties. The total lignans content of different parts varied significantly, wherein the root > main branch > side branches > leaf.

CONCLUSIONThis method is stable, reliable, can be used for the quality evaluation of different parts of Schisandra.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Lignans ; analysis ; Schisandra ; chemistry

This study aimed to investigate the impact of ginger juice on chemical profile of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC) when they were processed together. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was used for qualitative analysis of the chemical component of MOC samples before and after being processed with ginger juice. UPLC was performed to observe the content variation of eight main components in processed MOC. A total of 174 compounds were identified or tentatively deduced from processed and unprocessed MOC samples according to MS data obtained in positive and negative ion mode. After MOC was processed with ginger juice, the peak areas of most phenolics increased, while the peak areas of most phenylethanoid glycosides decreased; as for neolignans, oxyneolignans, other lignans and alkaloids, changes in the peak area were variable, and the peak areas of terpenoid-lignans varied little. Additionally, gingerols and diarylheptanoids were only detected in the processed MOC sample. The contents of syringin, magnoloside A, and magnoloside B decreased significantly in the processed MOC sample while no significant difference was observed in the contents of magnoflorine, magnocurarine, honokiol, obovatol, and magnolol. This study comprehensively explored the content variation of chemical components in processed and unprocessed MOC samples derived from different regions and with different tree ages using UPLC and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and summarized the variation characteristics of various compounds. The results provide a data foundation for further research on pharmacodynamic substances of MOC processed with ginger juice.
Ginger ; Trees ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Alkaloids ; Lignans/analysis*

Dirigent(DIR) proteins are involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, lignans, and gossypol in plants and respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. Based on the full-length transcriptome of Schisandra chinensis, bioinformatics methods were used to preliminarily identify the DIR gene family and analyze the physico-chemical properties, subcellular localization, conserved motifs, phylogeny, and expression patterns of the proteins. The results showed that a total of 34 DIR genes were screened and the encoded proteins were 156-387 aa. The physico-chemical properties of the proteins were different and the secondary structure was mainly random coil. Half of the DIR proteins were located in chloroplast, while the others in extracellular region, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, etc. Phylogenetic analysis of DIR proteins from S. chinensis and the other 8 species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Glycine max demonstrated that all DIR proteins were clustered into 5 subfamilies and that DIR proteins from S. chinensis were in 4 subfamilies. DIR-a subfamily has the unique structure of 8 β-sheets, as verified by multiple sequence alignment. Finally, through the analysis of the transcriptome of S. chinensis fruit at different development stages, the expression pattern of DIR was clarified. Combined with the accumulation of lignans in fruits at different stages, DIR might be related to the synthesis of lignans in S. chinensis. This study lays a theoretical basis for exploring the biological functions of DIR genes and elucidating the biosynthesis pathway of lignans in S. chinensis.
Fruit/genetics* ; Lignans/analysis* ; Phylogeny ; Schisandra ; Sequence Alignment

A simple and selective HPLC method for simultaneous determination and quantification of anthraquinones, lignans and flavonoids in Xiao-Cheng-Qi Tang (XCQT), Hou-Po-San-Wu Tang (HPSWT) and Hou-Po-Da-Huang Tang (HPDHT) was developed and validated. An Agilent Zorbax SB-C 18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 µm) column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.5% acetic acid aqueous solution in gradient elution mode was used. The flow rate was 1.0 mL · min(-1) at 30 °C, and injection volume was 10 µL. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm and 294 nm simultaneously for the quantitative analysis. The current HPLC assay was validated for linearity, intra-day and inter-day precisions, accuracy, recovery and stability. The method was applied to the content comparison of the gallic acid, cinnamic acid, sennoside A, sennoside B, rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, magnolol, honokiol, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, hesperetin, naringenin and nobiletin in XCQT, HPSWT and HPDHT. The good linear equations of eighteen constituents were obtained within the investigated ranges (r > 0.998). The recovery of the method was 94.28%-99.89% and the precision was less than 5%. The sample was stable within 16 h. There were some differences between the contents of anthraquinones, lignans and flavonoids in analogous formulae about XCQT. XCQT contained the greatest abundance of anthraquinones and flavonoid, HPSWT contained the greatest abundance lignans. In conclusion, the methods are simple, low-cost, precise, accurate and reliable for the determination of eighteen constituents in analogous formulae about XCQT, and these results provide methodological support for its quality control.
Anthraquinones ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Lignans ; analysis

Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex( MOC),the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis( MO) and M. officinalis var. biloba( MOB),is a main ingredient in more than 200 types of Chinese formulae commonly used in clinics. MO and MOB are widely distributed in China,from Sichuan of the west to Zhejiang province of the east and from Shannxi province in the north to Guangxi province in the south. This review summarizes new findings on geo-heralism of MOC concerning textual research,plants taxonomy,genetic study,chemical study,and pharmacological activity,resulting in the following views. ①The original plants of MOC are suggested to be divided into three geographic clans according to the form of leave and the result of genetic research; ②Concentrations of magnolol,honokiol,magnoloside A,magnoloside B,magnoflorine,and β-eudesmol in samples collected from different geographic areas are varied;③Samples of MOC produced in Hubei and Sichuan were traditionally regarded as Dao-di herbs,which were called Chuanpo,and the pure haplotype of MOC produced in Hubei may become a genetic index.
Biphenyl Compounds ; analysis ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Lignans ; analysis ; Magnolia ; chemistry ; Phytochemicals ; analysis

This project is to investigate lignans from the seed of Hydnocarpus anthelminthica. Thirteen lignans were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the seed of H. anthelminthica, by polyamide resin, Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated as(+)-syringaresinol(1), lirioresinol A(2),(+)-medioresinol(3),(7R,8R,8'R)-4'-guaiacylglyceryl-evofolin B(4), leptolepisol C(5),(-)-(7R,7'R,7″R,8S,8'S,8″S)-4',4″-dihydroxy-3,3',3″,5,5',5″-hexamethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxy-4,8″-oxy-8,8'-sesquineolignan-7″,9″-diol(6),(-)-(7R,7'R,7″R,8S,8'S,8″S)-4',4″-dihydroxy-3,3',3″,5,5'-pentamethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxy-4,8″-oxy-8,8'ses-quineolignan-7″,9″-diol(7), ceplignan(8), hydnocarpusol(9), isohydnocarpin(10),(-)-hydnocarpin(11), hydnocarpin(12), and hydnocarpin-D(13) by spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds 1-8 were obtained from the genus Hydnocarpus for the first time.
Lignans ; analysis ; Magnoliopsida ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Phytochemicals ; analysis ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Seeds ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo develop a HPLC quantitative method for determination of schisandrin, schisandrol B, schisantherin A, deoxyschisandrin and gamma-schisandrin in Fructus Schisandrae.

METHODA symmetry C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was used with methanol (A) and water (B) as mobile phases, in gradient elution. The gradient program was as follows: 0-36 min, changed from 60% A to 66% A, 36-65 min, to 80% A, 65-70 min, kept for 80% A, 70-75 min, to 100% A. The flow rate was 0.5 mL x min(-1) and detection wavelength was set at 254 nm.

RESULTThe linearities of schisandrin, schisandrol B, schisantherin A, deoxyschisandrin and gamma-schisandrin were in the ranges of 0.0214. 160 (r = 0.9999), 0.020-4.000 (r = 0.9999), 0.021-4.240 (r = 0.9999), 0.020-3.960 (r = 0.9999) and 0.021-4.200 (r = 0.9999). The average recoveries were 104.8%, 104.2%, 102.7%, 104.6%, 104.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method developed in this study was reliable, and can be used for the quality control of the fruits of S. chinensis.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Lignans ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Schisandra ; chemistry

To investigate the chemical constituents of the aerial part of Piper wallichii. Nine compounds were isolated by various chromatographic techniques and the structures were elucidated by their physicochemical properties and the spectral data analysis. Nine compounds were identified as one lignan (-)-galbelgin (1) and eight neolignans: denudatin B (2), hancinone D (3), (+)-licarin A (4), kadsurenone (5), wallichinine (6), hancinone C (7), hancinone B (8), (+)-burchellin (9). Compounds 1, 3, 4, 8, 9 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Lignans ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Piper ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification