Resistance to sliding (RS) between the bracket, wire, and ligature has been largely debated in orthodontics. Despite the extensive number of published studies, the lack of discussion of the methods used has led to little understanding of this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to discuss variables affecting RS in orthodontics and to suggest an operative protocol. The search included PubMed©, Medline©, and the Cochrane Library©. References of full-text articles were manually analyzed. English-language articles published between January 2007 and January 2017 that performed an in vitro analysis of RS between the bracket, wire, and ligature were included. Study methods were analyzed based on the study design, description of materials, and experimental setup, and a protocol to standardize the testing methods was proposed. From 404 articles identified from the database search and 242 records selected from published references, 101 were eligible for the qualitative analysis, and six for the quantitative synthesis. One or more experimental parameters were incompatible and a meta-analysis was not performed. Major factors regarding the study design, materials, and experimental setup were not clearly described by most studies. The normal force, that is the force perpendicular to the sliding of the wire and one of the most relevant variable in RS, was not considered by most studies. Different variables were introduced, often acting as confounding factors. A protocol was suggested to standardize testing procedures and enhance the understanding of in vitro findings.
In Vitro Techniques ; Ligation ; Methods* ; Orthodontics*

Endoscopic closure techniques have been introduced for the repair of duodenal wall perforations that occur during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We report a case of successful repair of a large duodenal wall perforation by using double endoscopic band ligation (EBL) and an endoclip. Lateral duodenal wall perforation occurred during ERCP in a 93-year-old woman with acute calculous cholangitis. We switched to a forward endoscope that had a transparent band apparatus. A 2.0-cm oval-shaped perforation was found at the lateral duodenal wall. We repaired the perforation by sequentially performing double EBL and endoclipping. The first EBL was performed at the proximal edge of the perforation orifice, and two-thirds of the perforation were repaired. The second EBL, which also included the contents covered under the first EBL, repaired the defect almost completely. Finally, to account for the possible presence of a residual perforation, an endoclip was applied at the distal end of the perforation. The detection and closure of the perforation were completed within 10 minutes. We suggest that double EBL is an effective method for closure.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Endoscopes ; Female ; Humans ; Ligation* ; Methods

OBJECTIVETo assess the value of combined chromosome karyotype analysis and multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) assay for the prenatal diagnosis of fetuses with abnormalities detected by ultrasonography.

METHODSWith informed consent obtained, 72 pregnant women with ultrasound detected fetal structural abnormalities underwent percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling. Routine karyotype analysis and MLPA assay were used to detect potential chromosomal deletions and duplications.

RESULTSFive cases were found with an abnormal karyotype. In addition, the MLPA has detected 2 chromosomal microdeletions and 1 microduplication. Together the two methods have yielded a detection rate of 11.11%.

CONCLUSIONFor fetal abnormalities revealed by ultrasonography, combined karyotype analysis and MLPA assay can provide a better option for its efficiency and simplicity.

Adult ; Chromosomes ; genetics ; Female ; Fetus ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; methods ; Ligation ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; methods ; Young Adult

There are still controversies as to the location of ligating the inferior mesenteric artery and the central lymph node dissection during rectal cancer surgery. The reason is that the level of evidence in this area is low. Existing studies are mostly retrospective, analyses or small-sample randomized controlled trials. These results showed no significant differences between high-ligation and low-ligation, in terms of anastomotic leakage and other short-term postoperative complications. Low-ligation seems better for the recovery of postoperative genitourinary function. Due to the low rate of central lymph node metastasis and many other confounding factors that affect the survival rate, it is difficult to conclude the survival benefits of ligation site or central node dissection. It is necessary to carry out some targeted, well-designed, large-scale randomized controlled trials to explain the related issues of inferior mesenteric artery ligation site and extent of central lymphadenectomy.
Humans ; Laparoscopy/methods* ; Ligation/methods* ; Lymph Node Excision/methods* ; Mesenteric Artery, Inferior/surgery* ; Mesentery ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Rectum/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies

Uterine artery ligation was performed to control postpartum hemorrhage in 17 cases at Han-Il hospital from July, 1994 to June, 1996. In 14 cases among them, postpartum hemorrhage was controlled successfully(82.4%) and there were no significant complications such as ureteral injury. Twelve cases could be followed up for 6 months to 2 years after uterine artery ligation. Menstruation occurred in all cases(12 cases) and it was normal in rhythm, duration and amount of bleeding. This procedure had significantly saved operation time, estimated blood loss and transfused packed RBC volume than the hysterectomy. It can be concluded that uterine artery ligation is an effective and safe alternative to hysterectomy for management of uncontrollable postpartum hemorrhage.
Female ; Hemorrhage ; Hysterectomy ; Ligation* ; Menstruation ; Methods ; Postpartum Hemorrhage* ; Postpartum Period* ; Ureter ; Uterine Artery*

OBJECTIVETo establish the methods for improving the speed and quality of making rat myocardial infarction model by coronary artery ligation.

METHODSWith the precondition of having no effect on rat myocardial infarction size: (1) To compare the thoracotomy time, the ligation time of the way of coronary artery ligation by tying one knot with the way by tying two knots. (2) To compare the survival rate of making model, the onset time of anesthesia, the awakening time, the effect on myocardial infarction size between using hydration chlorine aldehyde and using sodium pentobarbital.

RESULTSIn case of having no significant effect on the myocardial infarction size (P > 0.05), the way of tying one knot could significantly shorten the thoracotomy time and the ligation time (P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in the onset time of anesthesia or the myocardial infarction size between the model made by sodium pentobarbital and that made by hydration chlorine aldehyde (P > 0.05). But the awakening time of the model made by sodium pentobarbital was obviously shortened (P < 0.01). The clarity rate of myocardial infarction size was improved.

CONCLUSIONSThe way of tying one knot could improve the speed of model making. Sodium pentobarbital as the anesthetic for in vivo rat myocardial infarction model could improve the clarity rate of myocardial infarction area.

Animals ; Coronary Vessels ; surgery ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ligation ; methods ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

The external wrapping of intracranial aneurysm is the definitive treatment of choice for surgical clipping or endovascular occlusion, yet there may exist considerable difficulties and risks because so far neither ideal wrapping techniques nor ideal wrapping materials have been obtained. An encapsulated aneurysm clip with biomembrane graft across the vessels is introduced in this article. By clipping the neck and wrapping the sack of aneurysm simultaneously, this clip successfully solves the problems of unreasonable encapsulated materials and techniques; it has been proved to be an effective method for treating intracranial refractory aneurysms.
Equipment Design ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; surgery ; Ligation ; instrumentation ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; instrumentation ; Vascular Surgical Procedures ; instrumentation ; methods

Vasectomy is a commonly used, highly effective method for the control of fertility in the human male. It is almost always performed as an outpatient procedure, is safer than tubal occlusion and has few side effects. The number of people relying on vasectomy as a method of contraception varies widely from country to country. Though vasectomy is highly effective, failures may occur due to re-canalization of the vas, surgical error, anatomical variants or failure of contraception during the post-operative waiting period. One of the disadvantages of this technique is that sperm are present in the posterior end of the vas following surgery and hence patients have to use alternative methods of contraception for a waiting period of 12 weeks to 15 weeks before relying on a vasectomy for contraception. This review summarizes recent research on vasectomy conducted by Family Health International, USA.
Adult ; Cautery ; Humans ; Ligation ; Male ; Nepal ; Oligospermia ; Sperm Count ; Vas Deferens ; surgery ; Vasectomy ; methods

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the one-hole method for high ligation of the internal spermatic vein by embryonic natural orifice transumbilical laparoscopy.

METHODSWe used the one-hole method for high ligation of the internal spermatic vein by embryonic natural orifice transumbilical laparoscopy in the treatment of 15 cases of varicocele, 13 in the left and 2 in the right side, and appraised the treatment results by follow-up 1 month after the surgery.

RESULTSAll the operations succeeded and no complications developed. The average operation time was 28 minutes and the mean hospital stay was 4 days. Symptoms were significantly relieved in all the patients and the scars were inconspicuous at follow-up.

CONCLUSIONThe one-hole method is a novel option for high ligation of the internal spermatic vein by embryonic natural orifice transumbilical laparoscopy in the treatment of varicocele. It is recommendable for its advantages of simple procedure, less pain, few complications, quick recovery, mini-invasiveness and cosmetic acceptability.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Ligation ; methods ; Male ; Umbilicus ; surgery ; Varicocele ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical effect of single-port laparoscopic ligation (SPLL) with suture silk for the management of varicocele.

METHODSWe analyzed the clinical effects of SPLL with suture silk in the treatment of 20 cases of varicocele, and compared them with those of conventional three-port laparoscopic ligation (TPLL) for another 24 varicocele patients.

RESULTSAll the operations were successful. The operation time was 20-35 (mean 28) minutes and the hospital stay was 2 days for SPLL, as compared with 15-28 (mean 20) minutes and 3 days for TPLL. The cure rate was 75% for the former, and 67% for the latter, with no signification difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSPLL with suture silk for the treatment of varicocele has more advantages over TPLL for minimal invasiveness, faster recovery, and less scarring and extraneous residual.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Ligation ; methods ; Male ; Varicocele ; surgery ; Young Adult