Resistance to sliding (RS) between the bracket, wire, and ligature has been largely debated in orthodontics. Despite the extensive number of published studies, the lack of discussion of the methods used has led to little understanding of this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to discuss variables affecting RS in orthodontics and to suggest an operative protocol. The search included PubMed©, Medline©, and the Cochrane Library©. References of full-text articles were manually analyzed. English-language articles published between January 2007 and January 2017 that performed an in vitro analysis of RS between the bracket, wire, and ligature were included. Study methods were analyzed based on the study design, description of materials, and experimental setup, and a protocol to standardize the testing methods was proposed. From 404 articles identified from the database search and 242 records selected from published references, 101 were eligible for the qualitative analysis, and six for the quantitative synthesis. One or more experimental parameters were incompatible and a meta-analysis was not performed. Major factors regarding the study design, materials, and experimental setup were not clearly described by most studies. The normal force, that is the force perpendicular to the sliding of the wire and one of the most relevant variable in RS, was not considered by most studies. Different variables were introduced, often acting as confounding factors. A protocol was suggested to standardize testing procedures and enhance the understanding of in vitro findings.
In Vitro Techniques ; Ligation ; Methods* ; Orthodontics*

Endoscopic closure techniques have been introduced for the repair of duodenal wall perforations that occur during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We report a case of successful repair of a large duodenal wall perforation by using double endoscopic band ligation (EBL) and an endoclip. Lateral duodenal wall perforation occurred during ERCP in a 93-year-old woman with acute calculous cholangitis. We switched to a forward endoscope that had a transparent band apparatus. A 2.0-cm oval-shaped perforation was found at the lateral duodenal wall. We repaired the perforation by sequentially performing double EBL and endoclipping. The first EBL was performed at the proximal edge of the perforation orifice, and two-thirds of the perforation were repaired. The second EBL, which also included the contents covered under the first EBL, repaired the defect almost completely. Finally, to account for the possible presence of a residual perforation, an endoclip was applied at the distal end of the perforation. The detection and closure of the perforation were completed within 10 minutes. We suggest that double EBL is an effective method for closure.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Endoscopes ; Female ; Humans ; Ligation* ; Methods

OBJECTIVETo assess the value of combined chromosome karyotype analysis and multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) assay for the prenatal diagnosis of fetuses with abnormalities detected by ultrasonography.

METHODSWith informed consent obtained, 72 pregnant women with ultrasound detected fetal structural abnormalities underwent percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling. Routine karyotype analysis and MLPA assay were used to detect potential chromosomal deletions and duplications.

RESULTSFive cases were found with an abnormal karyotype. In addition, the MLPA has detected 2 chromosomal microdeletions and 1 microduplication. Together the two methods have yielded a detection rate of 11.11%.

CONCLUSIONFor fetal abnormalities revealed by ultrasonography, combined karyotype analysis and MLPA assay can provide a better option for its efficiency and simplicity.

Adult ; Chromosomes ; genetics ; Female ; Fetus ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; methods ; Ligation ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; methods ; Young Adult

There are still controversies as to the location of ligating the inferior mesenteric artery and the central lymph node dissection during rectal cancer surgery. The reason is that the level of evidence in this area is low. Existing studies are mostly retrospective, analyses or small-sample randomized controlled trials. These results showed no significant differences between high-ligation and low-ligation, in terms of anastomotic leakage and other short-term postoperative complications. Low-ligation seems better for the recovery of postoperative genitourinary function. Due to the low rate of central lymph node metastasis and many other confounding factors that affect the survival rate, it is difficult to conclude the survival benefits of ligation site or central node dissection. It is necessary to carry out some targeted, well-designed, large-scale randomized controlled trials to explain the related issues of inferior mesenteric artery ligation site and extent of central lymphadenectomy.
Humans ; Laparoscopy/methods* ; Ligation/methods* ; Lymph Node Excision/methods* ; Mesenteric Artery, Inferior/surgery* ; Mesentery ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Rectum/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies

Uterine artery ligation was performed to control postpartum hemorrhage in 17 cases at Han-Il hospital from July, 1994 to June, 1996. In 14 cases among them, postpartum hemorrhage was controlled successfully(82.4%) and there were no significant complications such as ureteral injury. Twelve cases could be followed up for 6 months to 2 years after uterine artery ligation. Menstruation occurred in all cases(12 cases) and it was normal in rhythm, duration and amount of bleeding. This procedure had significantly saved operation time, estimated blood loss and transfused packed RBC volume than the hysterectomy. It can be concluded that uterine artery ligation is an effective and safe alternative to hysterectomy for management of uncontrollable postpartum hemorrhage.
Female ; Hemorrhage ; Hysterectomy ; Ligation* ; Menstruation ; Methods ; Postpartum Hemorrhage* ; Postpartum Period* ; Ureter ; Uterine Artery*

Diverticular bleeding accounts for approximately 26%–40% of the cases of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Rupture of the vasa recta at the neck or dome of the diverticula can be the cause of this bleeding. Colonoscopy aids in not only the diagnosis but also the treatment of diverticular bleeding after a steady bowel preparation. Endoscopic hemostasis involves several methods, such as injection/thermal contact therapy, clipping, endoscopic band ligation (EBL), hemostatic powder, and over-the-scope clips. Each endoscopic method can provide a secure initial hemostasis. With regard to the clinical outcomes after an endoscopic treatment, the methods reportedly have no significant differences in the initial hemostasis and early recurring bleeding; however, EBL might prevent the need for transcatheter arterial embolization or surgery. In contrast, the long-term outcomes of the endoscopic treatments, such as a late bleeding and recurrent bleeding at 1 and 2 years, are not well known for diverticular bleeding. With regard to a cure for diverticular bleeding, there should be an improvement in both the endoscopic methods and the multilateral perspectives, such as diet, medicines, interventional approaches, and surgery.
Colon ; Colonoscopy ; Diagnosis ; Diet ; Diverticulum ; Hemorrhage ; Hemostasis ; Hemostasis, Endoscopic ; Ligation ; Methods ; Neck ; Rupture

The determination of the degree and ability of recovery of obstructive hydronephrosis is important in treatment and prediction of prognosis. Among the various methods in determination of the status of kidney, intravenous pyelography is the most important tool to evaluate the morphological and functional changes of kidney in vivo. The purpose of this experiment was the determination of process and recoverability of hydronephrosis depend on duration of unilateral uretreal obstruction. For the experiment, 32 rats were divided into 2 groups; the first group of 12 rats were used to determine the process of hydronephrosis during 1 to 4 weeks of unilateralureteral ligation and the second group of 20 rats were used to determine the recoverability of hydronephrotic kidney depend on same duration of ureteral ligation following relief of ligation. Intravenous pyelography as undertaken and renal angiography, gross and microscopic examination were added. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Kidney enlargement and pelvic dilatation were progressively increased with a relation to duration of ureteral obstruction until 4 weeks. 2. Renal excretory function is not impaired until 3 weeks obstruction, but rapidly impaired to nonfunctioning in 4 weeks obstruction. 3. Renal recovery was possible following relief of ureteral ligation within 3 weeks of ureteral obstruction, but histopathological and functional recovery were impossible in 4 weeks of ureteral ligation. 4. There is no direct correlation between duration of obstruction and recoverability following relief within 3 weeks of uretral obstruction. 5. Intravenous pyelographyis a simple and accurate method to determine the degree of obstructive hydronephrosis and to evaluate morphological and functional recovery of kidney following relief of obstruction.
Angiography ; Animals ; Dilatation ; Hydronephrosis ; Kidney ; Ligation ; Methods ; Prognosis ; Rats ; Ureter ; Ureteral Obstruction ; Urography

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the common site of recurrent epistaxis after initial intervention such as packing and cauterization had failed and to evaluate the efficacy of surgical endoscopic electrocautery. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Retrospective review of 47 patients with recurrent and uncontrolled idiopathic epistaxis between October 1995 and March 2016. All patients underwent endoscopic examination in the operating room after hospitalization. We performed electrocautery when a bleeding site was found. RESULTS: The most common sites of bleeding were the inferior meatus (28%), sphenoethmoid recess (23%), superior septum around the olfactory cleft (13%), and the posterior end of the middle turbinate (15%). There was no serious complication during the one week after surgery. In 46 (98%) patients, refractory epistaxis was successfully controlled. One patient had recurrent epistaxis after electrocautery and underwent endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation. CONCLUSION: In patients with refractory idiopathic epistaxis after failure of first-line treatment, endoscopic examination through a surgical approach and electrocautery for suspected bleeding are effective.
Arteries ; Cautery ; Electrocoagulation ; Epistaxis* ; Hemorrhage ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Ligation ; Methods ; Operating Rooms ; Retrospective Studies ; Turbinates

Vasectomy is a commonly used, highly effective method for the control of fertility in the human male. It is almost always performed as an outpatient procedure, is safer than tubal occlusion and has few side effects. The number of people relying on vasectomy as a method of contraception varies widely from country to country. Though vasectomy is highly effective, failures may occur due to re-canalization of the vas, surgical error, anatomical variants or failure of contraception during the post-operative waiting period. One of the disadvantages of this technique is that sperm are present in the posterior end of the vas following surgery and hence patients have to use alternative methods of contraception for a waiting period of 12 weeks to 15 weeks before relying on a vasectomy for contraception. This review summarizes recent research on vasectomy conducted by Family Health International, USA.
Adult ; Cautery ; Humans ; Ligation ; Male ; Nepal ; Oligospermia ; Sperm Count ; Vas Deferens ; surgery ; Vasectomy ; methods

The external wrapping of intracranial aneurysm is the definitive treatment of choice for surgical clipping or endovascular occlusion, yet there may exist considerable difficulties and risks because so far neither ideal wrapping techniques nor ideal wrapping materials have been obtained. An encapsulated aneurysm clip with biomembrane graft across the vessels is introduced in this article. By clipping the neck and wrapping the sack of aneurysm simultaneously, this clip successfully solves the problems of unreasonable encapsulated materials and techniques; it has been proved to be an effective method for treating intracranial refractory aneurysms.
Equipment Design ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; surgery ; Ligation ; instrumentation ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; instrumentation ; Vascular Surgical Procedures ; instrumentation ; methods