DNA double strand breaks are potentially lethal DNA lesions induced by ionizing radiation, which can be repaired by homologous recombination and non- homologous end joining. Inhibition of the expression and function of genes in double strand breaks repair pathways using RNA interference and anti- sense techniques could improve the radiosensitivity of cancer cells.

Cancer prevention and treatment have developed from evidence-based model into personalized model.Precise medicine has been developed in recent years.It is very important to incorporate personalized and precise idea into clinical practice and makes it accepted by the public.It is also a long way to go to provide precise service for numerous cancer patients through the research using special resource of our country.

Hypoxia is an inherent feature of the majority of solid tumors,which can increase the resistance of tumor cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy,promote tumor angiogenesis and lead to poor prognosis.Therefore,targeting the hypoxic tumor cells has become a spot in cancer therapy.Bioreduction drugs can be activated by a specific reduction to become cytotoxic metabolites,thus killing hypoxic tumor cells,while small molecular targeting inhibitors can selectively act on the key point of hypoxia pathway.They have paved a new way for hypoxia targeted therapy.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been increasingly used in the treatment of early-stage NSCLC,especially for patients who cannot undergo surgery.Compared with other imaging modalities,PET/CT has higher sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis and staging of NSCLC as well as higher prediction value for prognosis.The progress of 18F-FDG PET/CT in evaluation of the therapeutic response and prognosis after SBRT for early-stage NSCLC is summarized in this review.

In China, most patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were diagnosed with advanced or metastatic disease on first admission. These patients were treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapy. However, the 5-year overall survival rate is still low. Immunocheckpoint blockades adjust the immune function, dispatch immune escape, enhance T cell activation, and kill tumor cells. Immunocheckpoint blockade becomes one of the important methods of anti-tumor treatments. This approach may also change the model of NSCLC treatment because of its promising anti-tumor activity. This review summarizes the clinical trials on immu-nocheckpoint blockades in NSCLC and the possibility of combining this technique with other treatments.

Radioactive esophagitis is one of the most common complications in thoracic tumor radiotherapy,biological factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),miRNAs,and HIV infection may play key roles in the occurrence and development of radioactive esophagitis,and they have become an active field in protection areas of radiotherapy.We can identify the patients who may cause radioactive esophageal in high dose radiotherapy as early as possible,and modify the treatment plan to protect the esophagus.Therefore the biological factors of radioactive esophagitis are of important clinical significance.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect on the treatment of avascular necrosis of femoral head by core decompression with autograft of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs).Methods Nineteen patients with avascular necrosis of femoral head,including 8 cases of phase I,6 cases of phase II and 5 cases of phase III based on ARCO classification,were treated with core decompression with autograft of MSCs.Results The patients were followed up for one year.The average ratio of necrosis zone diminished from 31.88% to 13.18%.The Harris hip score was increased significantly.Conclusion The treatment of core decompression with autograft of MSCs is safe and effective,and it deserves to application in early necrosis of femoral head.

The microorganism in human body is related to human health and disease,which plays a significant role in the exclusion of pathogen invading,participation of immune regulation and occurrence and development of the tumors.Studies have indicated that dysbacteriosis is often detected in cancer patients;especially,enteric dysbacteriosis can promote the occurrence and development of the tumors by influencing homeostatic balance of intestinal tract,gut metabolite and immunological function.Moreover,proportion detection of intestinal flora can be used as a non-invasive screening method and a diagnostic indicator for early detection of the malignant neoplasms.This review summarizes the recent studies on the associations of intestinal flora with human diseases and the possible mechanisms causing tumorigenesis,which may provide a novel research paradigm for cancer prevention and treatment.

As a new therapeutic strategy for esophageal cancer, immunotherapy has attracted more and more attention. The completed and ongoing clinical trials of immunotherapy for esophageal cancer confirm the great potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors in esophageal cancer. Future research will focus on the combination of immunotherapy with existing or new therapeutic modalities and the identification of populations likely to benefit from immunotherapy.