0.05). Compared with control cells, the relative luciferase activity of NF-?B in virus-infected cells was apparently up-regulated (P

Objective:To observe the influence of ginsenoside Rg1 on transcriptional activation of NF-κB induced by hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) in 293T cell,and probe into the antioxidant mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1.Methods:In the experiment,cells was exposed to H_2O_2 after pretreatment with Rg1,cell proliferation and cytotoxicity studies were detected by MTT and Trypan blue.The quantities of generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) was analyzed by flow cytometric analysis measured with fluorescent probe 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA).NF-κB-responsive element-luciferase reporter gene was transfected and dual-luciferase cis-reporting systems were used to assay the transcriptional activity of NF-κB under the stimulated circumstance of oxidative stress induced by H_2O_2.Results:The results of MTT showed that ginsenoside Rg1 apparently protected the proliferation of 293T cell,which were repressed by H_2O_2 (P＜0.05).The results by trypan blue showed that H_2O_2 stimulated substantial cytotoxicity.This effect was markedly attenuated by treatment with ginsenoside Rg1.Oxidant production,measured as the fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein,was significant increased by 40%-50% through H_2O_2 stimulation.The decrease in iROS generation was significant blocked by 35%-40% through Rg1 and antioxidant.The relative luciferase reporter assay of NF-κB was apparently improved by H_2O_2-induced(P＜0.05),but Ginsenoside Rg1 significantly repressed the relative value of luciferase (P＜0.05).Conclusion:Ginsenoside Rg1 has the obvious protective function from the damage of oxidative stress damage,whose possible mechanism is to eliminate excessive free radicals of the cells effectively,to reduce transcriptional activation of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB),and subsequently to suppress the NF-κB circuit activation.

Objective To explore the risk factors for clinical anastomotic leakage after resection of rectal cancer in China. Methods By meta-analysis we made a comprehensive analysis of the risk factors for clinical anastomotic leakage after resection of rectal cancer based on 19 articles published in China between January 1999 and January 2009. Results The anastomotic leakage rate was higher in the patients aged 60 years old and above than in those younger, with the combined odds ratio (OR) value being 0.50 (95% CI: 0.33-0.76) (P<0.01). The incidence rate was higher in the male patients than in the female ones, with the combined OR value being 2.17 (95% CI: 1.38-3.42) (P<0.01). The incidence rate in the patients with the distance of tumor from the lower margin to anal verge being 7cm and shorter was higher than that with longer distance, with the combined OR value being 1.79 (95% CI: 1.37-2.35) (P<0.01). The incidence rate in the patients who had received radiotherapy preoperatively was higher than that in those who had not, with the combined OR value of 3.66 (95% CI: 2.19-6.09) (P<0.01). The incidence rate in the patients who had received stapler anastomosis was higher than that in the patients who had received manual anastomosis, with the combined OR value being 0.70 (95% CI: 0.47-1.05), but there was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). The incidence rate was higher in the patients with diabetes mellitus than in the healthy ones, with the combined OR value being 3.16 (95% CI: 2.27-4.39) (P<0.01). The incidence rate was lower in the patients with Dukes A and B stages than in those with Dukes C and D stages, with the combined OR value being 0.61 (95% CI: 0.45-0.83) (P<0.01). The incidence rate in the patients with high malignance degree in clinicopathological types was higher than that with low malignance degree, with the combined OR value being 2.17 (95% CI: 1.38-3.42) (P<0.01). The incidence rate was lower in the patients who had received preventive colostomy than in those who had not, with the combined OR value being 0.39 (95% CI: 0.14-1.05), but there was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). The incidence rate was higher in the patients who had got selective operation than in those who had got emergency operation, with the combined OR value being 0.27 (95% CI: 0.13-0.56). Conclusion The risk factors of anastomotic leakage after resection of rectal cancer are as follows: 60 years old and above, male patients, diabetes mellitus, preoperative neo-adjuvant radiotherapy, the distance of tumor from the lower margin to the anal verge being shorter than 7cm, Dukes C and D stages, high malignance degree in clinicopathological types, and emergency operation.

Objective To observe the cardiosomatic motor reflex (CMR)of rats, and to clarify the descending modulation of nucleus raphes magnus (NRM)in cardiac nociception and its pathway.Methods 34 male healthy SD rats were randomly divided into NRM electrical stimulation group (n=8 ), NRM stimulation combined with dorsolateral funiculus (DLF ) transection group (n= 8 ), NRM stimulation combined with antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)methysergide intrathecal administration group (n=18).The rat model of CMR was established through inj ecting capsaicin into the pericardial sac of the rats in various groups. The electromyogram (EMG) response of dorsal spinotrapezius muscle was used as detection index, and by placing the stimulation electrode in NRM and (or)intrathecal catheterization, the descending inhibitory modulation of NRM in CMR and the influence of DLF tansection or methysergide intrathecal administration in descending inhibitory modulation of NRM were observed.Results Compared with before stimulation,the EMG response was decreased after NRM electrical stimulation (75 μA) (P<0.05 );after bilateral DLF transection, the EMG response after NRM stimulation was significantly increased compared with before DLF transection (P<0.05 ), and there was no significant difference compared with its control (P> 0.05 ). In addition, after intrathecal administration of methysergide,the EMG response after NRM stimulation was significantly increased compared with before intrathecal treatment of methysergide (P<0.05),but it was still significantly smaller than that of its control (P<0.05). Conclusion Cardiac nociception evoked by capsaicin stimulation is subject to descending inhibitory modulation from NRM,and the descending inhibition from NRM is conveyed via the DLF and partially mediated by endogenous 5-HT system.

Objective: To explore the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with dispersion of re-polarization and ventricular arrhythmia.
Methods: A total of 86 consecutive patents with CRT implantation were enrolled. According to weather absolute value of LVEF increased≥10% from baseline at 6 months after CRT implantation, the patients were divided into 2 groups: Response group and Non-response group,n=43 in each group. Dispersion of re-polarization indexes as QRS duration, QTc interval, TpTe interval and the events of ventricular arrhythmia were compared between 2 groups at different time points after CRT.
Results:①In Response group, compared with pre-operation, QRS duration and TpTe interval were shorter at 1 year and within 24h after CRT implantation, allP<0.05, while the above indexes were similar in Non-response group, allP>0.05.②During 1 year after CRT implantation, the incidences of PVCs and PVC runs in Response group were much less than those in Non-response group, for lgPVCs: (1.78 ± 0.77) vs (2.73 ± 0.61), for lgPVC runs: (0.64 ± 0.48) vs (1.98 ± 0.72),P<0.05.③Multi liner regression analysis demonstrated that TpTe interval within 24h after CRT implantation was an independent predictor for both lgPVCs: (B=0.143, OR=1.154,P=0.001) and lgPVC runs: (B=0.122, OR=1.047,P=0.001).
Conclusion: CRT ventricular reverse remodeling may reduce dispersion of re-polarization and the risk of ventricular arrhythmia, therefore improve the prognosis in relevant patients; TpTe interval within 24h after CRT had the predictive value for ventricular arrhythmia.

Objective: To analyze the clinical features and outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with dilated-phase hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (DHCM). Methods: A total of 16 DHCM patients received CRT in our hospital from 2007-03 to 2016-01 were retrospectively studied to analyze their clinical features and outcomes. Results: There were 12 male and 4 female patients at the mean age of (53.3±13.5) years. Pre-operative QRS duration of ECG was (158.7±32.2) ms, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was (33.6±6.3) %, the patient with NYHA class I, II, III and IV were 1, 5, 8 and 2 respectively. 13 patients received new CRT device, 3 received upgraded device and 8 (50%) combining atrial fibrillation (AF). The patients were followed-up for (2.56±2.13) years, 5 of them died including 3 of heart failure, 1 of sudden death and 1 of stroke. At 6 months follow-up time, 7 patients had the response to CRT which was defined by the improvement of NYHA class≥1 and the absolute elevation of LVEF≥5%; NYHA class improved from (2.69±0.79) to (2.38±0.89), P=0.02; LVEF increased from (33.6±6.3) % to (40.03±9.83) %, P=0.01. Conclusion: DHCM patients with CRT indication had the higher incidence to suffer from AF, those were more in patients with traditional pacemaker or ICD upgrading. DHCM patients with CRT had the poor general prognosis, while there was still certain proportion of patients had the response to CRT.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VL-PAG) metabotropic glutamate receptors subtype 7 and 8 (mGluR 7/8) in descending modulation of cardiosomatic motor reflex (CMR) in rats.

METHODSAMN082 (agonist of mGluR 7) and DCPG (agonist of mGluR 8) were injected into the VL-PAG of a rat model of CMR to observe their effects in modulating CMR. The raphe magnus nucleus (NRM) or the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) was then damaged, and the changes in VL-PAG descending modulation were observed.

RESULTSSelective activation of mGluR 7 of the VL-PAG by AMN082 obviously facilitated capsaicin (CAP)-induced CMR (P<0.05), which was suppressed by DCPG-induced mGluR 8 activation (P<0.05). These facilitatory or inhibitory effects were completely reversed by group III mGluR antagonist MSOP. Damaging the NRM of VL-PAG main relay nucleus did not significantly affect the facilitatory effect produced by AMN082 microinjection (P>0.05), but partially attenuated the inhibitory effect of DCPG microinjection (P<0.05). Both the facilitatory effect of AMN082 and the inhibitory effect of DCPG were reduced obviously after bilateral Gi damage (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONVL-PAG mGluR 7 and mGluR 8 mediate biphasic regulation of CMR in rats probably through activation of different sub-nuclei and different neurons in the rostroventral medulla.

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; pharmacology ; Benzoates ; pharmacology ; Glycine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata ; metabolism ; Periaqueductal Gray ; metabolism ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate ; agonists ; metabolism ; Reflex ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo observe the descending modulation of cardiac nociception by the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in rats.

METHODSA rat model of cardiosomatic motor reflex (CMR) was established by injecting capsaicin into the pericardial sac to induce cardiac nociception, and the electromyogram (EMG) response of the dorsal spinotrapezius muscle was studied. The RVM was electrically stimulated (25, 75 and 100 µA) or destroyed to examine whether RVM exerted descending modulation on cardiac nociception.

RESULTSElectrical stimulation of the RVM at 8 sites produced intensity-dependent inhibition of EMG responses to noxious cardiac stimulus (F[2,21]=43.188, P=0.001). Electrical stimulation at 3 sites caused facilitated EMG responses, but the increased magnitude of the EMG was not dependent on stimulation intensity (F[2,6]=0.884, P=0.461). Stimulation at 11 sites produced biphasic effects: at a low intensity (25 µA), the elicited EMG magnitude was significantly larger than baseline (P<0.05), and at greater intensities (75/100 µA), the stimulation caused suppression of the EMG magnitude to a level significantly lower than the baseline (P<0.05). Electrolytic lesion of the RVM resulted in significantly increased EMG responses compared with the baseline and sham lesion group.

CONCLUSIONCardiac nociception evoked by capsaicin stimulation is subjected to descending biphasic modulation by the RVM, which produces predominantly descending inhibition on heart pain.

Animals ; Capsaicin ; pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Electromyography ; drug effects ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata ; physiology ; Nociception ; Nociceptors ; drug effects ; physiology ; Pain ; physiopathology ; Pericardium ; drug effects ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sensory System Agents ; pharmacology

The central nervous system (CNS) plays a key regulatory role in glucose homeostasis. In particular, the brain is important in initiating and coordinating protective counterregulatory responses when blood glucose levels fall. This may due to the metabolic dependency of the CNS on glucose, and protection of food supply to the brain. In healthy subjects, blood glucose is normally maintained within a relatively narrow range. Hypoglycemia in diabetic patients can increase the risk of complications, such as heart disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The clinical research finds that the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a positive effect on the treatment of hypoglycemia. Here the authors reviewed the current understanding of sensing and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, and discuss combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine and the theory of iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes treatment. Furthermore, the authors clarify the feasibility of treating hypoglycemia on the basis of TCM theory and CNS and have an insight on its clinical practice.

Radiotherapy is one of the important cancer therapy methods that can lead to tissue damage including radiation lung injury,radiation esophageal injury,radiation skin damage and abnormal changes in hemopoietic system and immune system.Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant catechin in green tea.It has been demonstrated that EGCG has biological effects of antiinflammatory,antioxidant,anti-apoptosis and regulating immunity.Recently some studies of cell and animal models suggest that EGCG has radioprotective effect,but few clinical research was reported.In this review,the studies about EGCG in preventing and treating radiation injury were summarized from antiradiation mechanism in order to enhance the understanding of the potential clinical application of EGCG.